van Wendel de Joode Berna, Barbeau Benoit, Bouchard Maryse F, Mora Ana María, Skytt Åsa, Córdoba Leonel, Quesada Rosario, Lundh Thomas, Lindh Christian H, Mergler Donna
Infants' Environmental Health Program (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, NSERC-Industrial Chair in Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
Environ Pollut. 2016 Aug;215:247-257. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.015. Epub 2016 May 19.
Elevated manganese (Mn) in drinking water has been reported worldwide. While, naturally occurring Mn in groundwater is generally the major source, anthropogenic contamination by Mn-containing fungicides such as mancozeb may also occur. The main objective of this study was to examine factors associated with Mn and ethylenethiourea (ETU), a degradation product of mancozeb, in drinking water samples from villages situated near banana plantations with aerial spraying of mancozeb. Drinking water samples (n = 126) were obtained from 124 homes of women participating in the Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA, for its acronym in Spanish), living nearby large-scale banana plantations. Concentrations of Mn, iron (Fe), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and ethylenethiourea (ETU), a degradation product of mancozeb, were measured in water samples. Only six percent of samples had detectable ETU concentrations (limit of detection (LOD) = 0.15 μg/L), whereas 94% of the samples had detectable Mn (LOD = 0.05 μg/L). Mn concentrations were higher than 100 and 500 μg/L in 22% and 7% of the samples, respectively. Mn was highest in samples from private and banana farm wells. Distance from a banana plantation was inversely associated with Mn concentrations, with a 61.5% decrease (95% CI: -97.0, -26.0) in Mn concentrations for each km increase in distance. Mn concentrations in water transported with trucks from one village to another were almost 1000 times higher than Mn in water obtained from taps in houses supplied by the same well but not transported, indicating environmental Mn contamination. Elevated Mn in drinking water may be partly explained by aerial spraying of mancozeb; however, naturally occurring Mn in groundwater, and intensive agriculture may also contribute. Drinking water risk assessment for mancozeb should consider Mn as a health hazard. The findings of this study evidence the need for health-based World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on Mn in drinking water.
全球范围内均有报道称饮用水中锰（Mn）含量升高。虽然地下水中天然存在的锰通常是主要来源，但含锰杀菌剂（如代森锰锌）的人为污染也可能发生。本研究的主要目的是调查在附近有代森锰锌空中喷洒作业的香蕉种植园村庄采集的饮用水样本中，与锰和代森锰锌降解产物乙撑硫脲（ETU）相关的因素。饮用水样本（n = 126）取自参与婴儿环境卫生研究（西班牙语简称为ISA）的124名女性的家中，这些家庭位于大型香蕉种植园附近。测量了水样中锰、铁（Fe）、砷（As）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）以及代森锰锌降解产物乙撑硫脲（ETU）的浓度。只有6%的样本检测到ETU浓度（检测限（LOD）= 0.15 μg/L），而94%的样本检测到锰（LOD = 0.05 μg/L）。分别有22%和7%的样本锰浓度高于100 μg/L和500 μg/L。私人水井和香蕉农场水井采集的样本中锰含量最高。与香蕉种植园的距离与锰浓度呈负相关，距离每增加1公里，锰浓度下降61.5%（95%置信区间：-97.0，-26.0）。用卡车从一个村庄运到另一个村庄的水中锰浓度几乎比同一口井供水但未运输的房屋水龙头流出水中的锰浓度高1000倍，这表明存在环境锰污染。饮用水中锰含量升高可能部分归因于代森锰锌的空中喷洒；然而，地下水中天然存在的锰以及集约化农业也可能有影响。对代森锰锌进行饮用水风险评估时应将锰视为一种健康危害。本研究结果证明需要制定基于健康的世界卫生组织（WHO）饮用水中锰的准则。
