Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
Environ Health Perspect. 2018 May 29;126(5):057007. doi: 10.1289/EHP1955. eCollection 2018 May.
Although growing evidence suggests that early-life excess manganese (Mn) impairs neurodevelopment, data on the neurodevelopmental effects of mancozeb, a fungicide containing Mn, and its main metabolite ethylenethiourea (ETU) are limited.
We examined whether prenatal mancozeb exposure and excess Mn were associated with neurodevelopment in 355 1-y-old infants living near banana plantations with frequent aerial mancozeb spraying in Costa Rica.
We measured urinary ETU, hair Mn, and blood Mn concentrations in samples collected 1-3 times during pregnancy from mothers enrolled in the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) study. We then assessed neurodevelopment in their 1-y-old infants using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (BSID-III). We estimated exposure-outcome associations using linear regression models adjusted for maternal education, parity, gestational age at birth, child age, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment score, and location of neurodevelopmental assessment.
Median (P25-P75) urinary ETU, hair Mn, and blood Mn measured during pregnancy were 3.3 μg/L (2.4-4.9; specific gravity-corrected), 1.7 μg/g (0.9-4.1), and 24.0 μg/L (20.3-28.0), respectively. Among girls, higher ETU was associated with lower social-emotional scores [β per 10-fold increase=-7.4 points (95% CI: -15.2, 0.4)], whereas higher hair Mn was associated with lower cognitive scores [-3.0 (-6.1, 0.1)]. Among boys, higher hair Mn was associated with lower social-emotional scores [-4.6 (-8.5, -0.8)]. We observed null associations for blood Mn, language, and motor outcomes.
Our findings indicate that maternal exposure to mancozeb and excess Mn during pregnancy may have adverse and sex-specific effects on infant neurodevelopment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1955.
尽管越来越多的证据表明，生命早期过量的锰（Mn）会损害神经发育，但关于杀菌剂代森锰锌及其主要代谢物乙撑硫脲（ETU）对神经发育的影响的数据有限。
我们研究了哥斯达黎加香蕉种植区频繁进行空中喷洒代森锰锌的环境中，孕妇产前暴露于代森锰锌和过量 Mn 是否与 355 名 1 岁婴儿的神经发育有关。
我们在孕妇妊娠期间采集了 1-3 次样本，测量了样本中的尿 ETU、发 Mn 和血 Mn 浓度，这些孕妇参加了婴儿环境健康（ISA）研究。然后，我们使用贝利婴幼儿发育量表第三版（BSID-III）评估了他们 1 岁婴儿的神经发育情况。我们使用线性回归模型估计了暴露-结局关联，该模型调整了母亲教育程度、产次、出生时的胎龄、儿童年龄、家庭观察测量环境评分和神经发育评估的地点。
妊娠期间测量的尿 ETU、发 Mn 和血 Mn 的中位数（P25-P75）分别为 3.3μg/L（2.4-4.9；比重校正）、1.7μg/g（0.9-4.1）和 24.0μg/L（20.3-28.0）。在女孩中，ETU 水平越高，社会情感评分越低[β 每增加 10 倍=-7.4 分（95%CI：-15.2，0.4）]，而发 Mn 水平越高，认知评分越低[-3.0（-6.1，0.1）]。在男孩中，发 Mn 水平越高，社会情感评分越低[-4.6（-8.5，-0.8）]。我们观察到血 Mn、语言和运动结果的关联为零。
我们的研究结果表明，孕妇在妊娠期间接触代森锰锌和过量 Mn 可能对婴儿的神经发育产生不利的性别特异性影响。
