Bennion Kelly A, Payne Jessica D, Kensinger Elizabeth A
Department of Psychology, Boston College.
Department of Psychology, The University of Notre Dame.
Behav Neurosci. 2016 Jun;130(3):281-9. doi: 10.1037/bne0000142.
Prior research has demonstrated that sleep enhances memory for future-relevant information, including memory for information that is salient due to emotion, reward, or knowledge of a later memory test. Although sleep has been shown to prioritize information with any of these characteristics, the present study investigates the novel question of how sleep prioritizes information when multiple salience cues exist. Participants encoded scenes that were future-relevant based on emotion (emotional vs. neutral), reward (rewarded vs. unrewarded), and instructed learning (intentionally vs. incidentally encoded), preceding a delay consisting of a nap, an equivalent time period spent awake, or a nap followed by wakefulness (to control for effects of interference). Recognition testing revealed that when multiple dimensions of future relevance co-occur, sleep prioritizes top-down, goal-directed cues (instructed learning, and to a lesser degree, reward) over bottom-up, stimulus-driven characteristics (emotion). Further, results showed that these factors interact; the effect of a nap on intentionally encoded information was especially strong for neutral (relative to emotional) information, suggesting that once one cue for future relevance is present, there are diminishing returns with additional cues. Sleep may binarize information based on whether it is future-relevant or not, preferentially consolidating memory for the former category. Potential neural mechanisms underlying these selective effects and the implications of this research for educational and vocational domains are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
先前的研究表明，睡眠能增强对未来相关信息的记忆，包括对因情感、奖励或对后续记忆测试的了解而突出的信息的记忆。尽管睡眠已被证明会优先处理具有这些特征的任何一种信息，但本研究探讨了一个新问题，即当存在多种显著性线索时，睡眠如何对信息进行优先排序。参与者对基于情感（情感与中性）、奖励（有奖励与无奖励）和指示性学习（有意与无意编码）的未来相关场景进行编码，之后是一段延迟期，包括小睡、同等时长的清醒时间或小睡后再清醒（以控制干扰的影响）。识别测试显示，当未来相关性的多个维度同时出现时，睡眠会优先处理自上而下、目标导向的线索（指示性学习，以及在较小程度上的奖励），而不是自下而上、刺激驱动的特征（情感）。此外，结果表明这些因素相互作用；小睡对有意编码信息的影响对于中性（相对于情感）信息尤为强烈，这表明一旦存在一个未来相关性的线索，额外的线索带来的回报就会减少。睡眠可能会根据信息是否与未来相关对其进行二元化处理，优先巩固前一类别的记忆。本文讨论了这些选择性效应背后潜在的神经机制以及该研究对教育和职业领域的启示。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》
