McQuade Julia D, Mendoza Saaid A, Larsen Kristy L, Breaux Rosanna P
Department of Psychology, Amherst College, Campus Box 2236, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA.
Department of Psychology, Providence College, Sowa Hall 161, Providence, RI, 02918, USA.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017 Feb;45(2):289-300. doi: 10.1007/s10802-016-0172-6.
The present study examined if a social positive illusory bias (PIB) is: a) simply a reflection of low adult-rated social acceptance, b) evident when children's perceived social acceptance is measured implicitly, and c) directly relates to impaired executive functioning (EF). Participants were 8 to 12 year-old children (N = 120; 55 boys and 65 girls) with and without clinical symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ratings of the child's social acceptance were obtained from an adult and the child using the Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter 2012); social bias was calculated as the discrepancy between standardized adult- and child-ratings. Children also completed a reaction time measure to assess implicit perceptions of social acceptance and a battery of EF measures. Depression symptoms were assessed based on parent report. Group comparisons were focused on the presence or absence of social PIB rather than on ADHD diagnostic status. Relative to non-PIB children, those with a social PIB were significantly higher in self-reported social acceptance, but significantly lower on adult reports and implicit perceived social acceptance; these children also were significantly higher in depression symptoms. EF impairments were indirectly related to social PIB as a function of adult-rated social impairment. Results suggest that social PIB is not merely a reflection of low adult-ratings of social acceptance. However, the high explicit self-reports of social acceptance in children with a social PIB are not fully consistent with their implicit self-perceptions of social acceptance. Results are discussed in light of the self-protective and cognitive deficits hypotheses regarding the nature of social PIB.
本研究考察了社会积极错觉偏差（PIB）是否：a）仅仅是成人评定的低社会接受度的反映；b）在对儿童感知到的社会接受度进行隐性测量时明显存在；c）与执行功能（EF）受损直接相关。研究参与者为8至12岁的儿童（N = 120；55名男孩和65名女孩），有和没有注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的临床症状。使用儿童自我认知量表（哈特，2012年）从一名成人和儿童那里获得对儿童社会接受度的评定；社会偏差计算为标准化成人评定与儿童评定之间的差异。儿童还完成了一项反应时测量，以评估对社会接受度的隐性感知以及一系列执行功能测量。根据家长报告评估抑郁症状。组间比较聚焦于社会PIB的存在与否，而非ADHD诊断状态。相对于无PIB的儿童，有社会PIB的儿童在自我报告的社会接受度方面显著更高，但在成人报告和隐性感知的社会接受度方面显著更低；这些儿童在抑郁症状方面也显著更高。执行功能受损与社会PIB间接相关，这是成人评定的社会损害的一个函数。结果表明，社会PIB不仅仅是成人对社会接受度评定低的反映。然而，有社会PIB的儿童对社会接受度的高显性自我报告与他们对社会接受度的隐性自我感知并不完全一致。根据关于社会PIB本质的自我保护和认知缺陷假说对结果进行了讨论。
