Zhang Lin, Wang Jian, Wei Feng, Wang Kaiyuan, Sun Qian, Yang Fan, Jin Hao, Zheng Yu, Zhao Hua, Wang Limei, Yu Wenwen, Zhang Xiying, An Yang, Yang Lili, Zhang Xinwei, Ren Xiubao
Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, China.
National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.
Oncotarget. 2016 Jul 12;7(28):43604-43615. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.9871.
Immune checkpoints associate with dysfunctional T cells, which have a reduced ability to clear pathogens or cancer cells. T-cell checkpoint blockade may improve patient survival. However, checkpoint molecules on cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell, a non-specific adoptive immunotherapy, remain unknown. In present study, we detected the dynamic expression of eight major checkpoint molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, TIM- 3, CEACAM-1, LAG-3, TIGIT and BTLA) on CIK cells from NSCLC patients. The majority of these molecules, except BTLA, were sharply elevated during the early stage of CIK cell culture. Thereafter, PD-1 and TIGIT expressions decreased gradually towards the initial level (day 0). Moreover, CTLA-4 faded away during the later stage of CIK culture. LAG-3 expression decreased but was still significantly higher than the initial level. Of note, PD-L1 remained stably upregulated during CIK culture compared with PD-1, indicating that PD-L1 might act as an inhibitory molecule on CIK cells instead of PD-1. Furthermore, TIM-3 and CEACAM1 were strongly expressed simultaneously during long-term CIK culture and showed a significant and mutually positive correlation. BTLA displayed a distinct pattern, and its expression gradually decreased throughout the CIK culture. These observations suggested that CIK cells might be partly exhausted before clinical transfusion, characterized by the high expression of PD-L1, LAG-3, TIM- 3, and CEACAM-1 and the low expression of TIGIT, BTLA, PD-1, and CTLA-4 compared with initial culture. Our results imply that implementing combined treatment on CIK cells before transfusion via antibodies targeting PD-L1, LAG-3, TIM-3, and CEACAM-1 might improve the efficiency of CIK therapy for NSCLC patients.
免疫检查点与功能失调的T细胞相关,这些T细胞清除病原体或癌细胞的能力降低。T细胞检查点阻断可能会提高患者生存率。然而,作为一种非特异性过继免疫疗法的细胞因子诱导的杀伤(CIK)细胞上的检查点分子仍然未知。在本研究中,我们检测了非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者CIK细胞上八种主要检查点分子(CTLA-4、PD-1、PD-L1、TIM-3、癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子1(CEACAM-1)、淋巴细胞激活基因3(LAG-3)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和ITIM结构域(TIGIT)和B和T淋巴细胞衰减蛋白(BTLA))的动态表达。除BTLA外,这些分子中的大多数在CIK细胞培养早期急剧升高。此后,PD-1和TIGIT表达逐渐下降至初始水平(第0天)。此外,CTLA-4在CIK培养后期逐渐消失。LAG-3表达下降,但仍显著高于初始水平。值得注意的是,与PD-1相比,PD-L1在CIK培养过程中持续稳定上调,表明PD-L1可能作为CIK细胞上的抑制分子而非PD-1。此外,TIM-3和CEACAM1在长期CIK培养过程中同时强烈表达,并显示出显著的正相关。BTLA表现出独特的模式,其表达在整个CIK培养过程中逐渐下降。这些观察结果表明,CIK细胞在临床输注前可能部分耗竭,其特征是与初始培养相比,PD-L1、LAG-3、TIM-3和CEACAM-1高表达,而TIGIT、BTLA、PD-1和CTLA-4低表达。我们的结果表明,在输注前通过靶向PD-L1、LAG-3、TIM-3和CEACAM-1的抗体对CIK细胞进行联合治疗可能会提高NSCLC患者的CIK治疗效率。
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