Palamar Joseph J, Keyes Katherine, Cleland Charles M
Department of Population Health, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University, College of Nursing, USA.
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Aug 1;165:279-82. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.001. Epub 2016 Jun 6.
National surveys suggest ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) use has decreased substantially among adolescents in the US since 2001; however, the recent phenomenon of "Molly" (ecstasy marketed as "pure MDMA") may be leading to underreporting of use as not all users are aware that "Molly" is a form of ecstasy.
We examined 2014 data from Monitoring the Future, a nationally representative survey of high school seniors in the US (N=6250, modal age: 18). Three randomly distributed survey forms asked about ecstasy use, and one included "Molly" in the definition. Self-reported lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day ecstasy use were compared to determine whether including "Molly" in the definition was associated with higher prevalence or frequency of use.
The form including "Molly" in the definition had significantly higher prevalence than the two (combined) forms that did not. Lifetime use (8.0% vs. 5.5%) and 12-month use (5.1% vs. 3.6%) were significantly higher with "Molly" in the definition. Lifetime prevalence remained higher with "Molly" in the definition when controlling for correlates of ecstasy use; however, 12-month use did not. Differences in prevalence were associated with lifetime occasions of use, with lower concordance between forms at lower levels of lifetime occasions (e.g., 1-2 times). Survey form was not related to number of times used among more frequent users.
Prevalence of ecstasy use appears to be underestimated when "Molly" is not included in the definition of ecstasy/MDMA. Surveys should include "Molly" in the definition of ecstasy to more adequately assess prevalence of use.
全国性调查显示，自2001年以来，美国青少年中摇头丸（3,4-亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺[MDMA]）的使用量已大幅下降；然而，最近出现的“莫莉”（作为“纯MDMA”销售的摇头丸）现象可能导致使用情况报告不足，因为并非所有使用者都意识到“莫莉”是摇头丸的一种形式。
我们研究了2014年“监测未来”的数据，这是一项对美国高中高年级学生具有全国代表性的调查（N = 6250，中位年龄：18岁）。三种随机分发的调查问卷询问了摇头丸的使用情况，其中一份在定义中包含“莫莉”。比较了自我报告的终生、12个月和30天摇头丸使用情况，以确定在定义中包含“莫莉”是否与更高的使用流行率或使用频率相关。
在定义中包含“莫莉”的问卷的流行率显著高于另外两份（合并）不包含“莫莉”的问卷。定义中包含“莫莉”时，终生使用率（8.0%对5.5%）和12个月使用率（5.1%对3.6%）显著更高。在控制摇头丸使用的相关因素时，定义中包含“莫莉”时终生流行率仍然更高；然而，12个月使用率并非如此。流行率的差异与终生使用次数有关，在终生使用次数较低（例如1 - 2次）时，问卷之间的一致性较低。调查问卷形式与更频繁使用者的使用次数无关。
当摇头丸/MDMA的定义中不包括“莫莉”时，摇头丸的使用流行率似乎被低估了。调查应在摇头丸的定义中包括“莫莉”，以更充分地评估使用流行率。
