NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway.
School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2016 Sep 15;110(1):28-51. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.027. Epub 2016 Jun 11.
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill constituted an ecosystem-level injury in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Much oil spread at 1100-1300m depth, contaminating and affecting deepwater habitats. Factors such as oil-biodegradation, ocean currents and response measures (dispersants, burning) reduced coastal oiling. Still, >2100km of shoreline and many coastal habitats were affected. Research demonstrates that oiling caused a wide range of biological effects, although worst-case impact scenarios did not materialize. Biomarkers in individual organisms were more informative about oiling stress than population and community indices. Salt marshes and seabird populations were hard hit, but were also quite resilient to oiling effects. Monitoring demonstrated little contamination of seafood. Certain impacts are still understudied, such as effects on seagrass communities. Concerns of long-term impacts remain for large fish species, deep-sea corals, sea turtles and cetaceans. These species and their habitats should continue to receive attention (monitoring and research) for years to come.
墨西哥湾北部的深水地平线石油泄漏对生态系统造成了损害。大量石油在 1100-1300 米深处扩散，污染并影响了深海栖息地。石油生物降解、洋流和应对措施（分散剂、燃烧）等因素减少了沿海地区的油污。尽管如此，仍有超过 2100 公里的海岸线和许多沿海栖息地受到影响。研究表明，石油泄漏造成了广泛的生物影响，尽管最坏的影响情况并未成为现实。个体生物中的生物标志物比种群和群落指数更能说明石油污染的压力。盐沼和海鸟种群受到重创，但对石油污染的影响也具有很强的恢复力。监测表明海产品的污染很少。某些影响仍在研究中，例如对海草群落的影响。人们仍对大型鱼类、深海珊瑚、海龟和鲸鱼等物种的长期影响感到担忧。这些物种及其栖息地在未来几年应继续受到关注（监测和研究）。
