1 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, NC, USA.
Neuroscientist. 2017 Jun;23(3):299-313. doi: 10.1177/1073858416654115. Epub 2016 Jun 15.
The basal ganglia (BG) are the major subcortical nuclei in the brain. Disorders implicating the BG are characterized by diverse symptoms, but it remains unclear what these symptoms have in common or how they can be explained by changes in the BG circuits. This review summarizes recent findings that not only question traditional assumptions about the role of the BG in movement but also elucidate general computations performed by these circuits. To explain these findings, a new conceptual framework is introduced for understanding the role of the BG in behavior. According to this framework, the cortico-BG networks implement transition control in an extended hierarchy of closed loop negative feedback control systems. The transition control model provides a solution to the posture/movement problem, by postulating that BG outputs send descending signals to alter the reference states of downstream position control systems for orientation and body configuration. It also explains major neurological symptoms associated with BG pathology as a result of changes in system parameters such as multiplicative gain and damping.
基底神经节（BG）是大脑中的主要皮质下核团。涉及 BG 的疾病的特征是具有不同的症状，但目前尚不清楚这些症状有何共同之处，或者它们如何可以通过 BG 回路的变化来解释。这篇综述总结了最近的发现，这些发现不仅对 BG 在运动中的作用的传统假设提出了质疑，而且阐明了这些回路执行的一般计算。为了解释这些发现，引入了一个新的概念框架来理解 BG 在行为中的作用。根据该框架，皮质-BG 网络在闭环负反馈控制系统的扩展层次结构中实现转换控制。转换控制模型通过假设 BG 输出发送下行信号来改变下游位置控制系统的参考状态以用于定向和身体配置，为姿势/运动问题提供了一个解决方案。它还解释了与 BG 病理学相关的主要神经症状，这是由于系统参数（如乘法增益和阻尼）的变化所致。
