J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Sep;116(9):1443-1449. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.05.002. Epub 2016 Jun 15.
Children generally do not consume adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables (F/V). Eating more F/V can improve energy density and overall diet quality.
Our aim was to investigate whether improvements in F/V consumption were associated with improvements in energy density, total calories, and dietary components related to F/V.
We performed secondary analyses of dietary data from a successful four-group randomized controlled trial promoting F/V. Data were collected at baseline, immediately after gameplay, and 3 months post intervention.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Preadolescent child-parent dyads (n=400) were recruited. Eligibility criteria were 4th- or 5th-grade child (approximately 9 to 11 years old) with Internet access and a parent willing to participate in the intervention. Complete dietary data were collected on 387 of the 400 child participants. The videogame was available online on a secure, password-protected website.
Dietary intake was assessed with three unannounced dietary recalls collected at each data-collection period via telephone by trained staff using Nutrition Data System for Research software. Energy density and F/V, nutrient, and food consumption were calculated.
A 4×3 (group by time) repeated measures analysis of covariance with mixed-effect linear models was used. Covariates included child's sex, race/ethnicity, and total energy intake as well as parent's age and household education. Energy was excluded as a covariate in the energy density and energy models.
Significant changes occurred in energy density. A significant interaction (group by time) was observed (F6, 515=2.40; P<0.05) in energy density from food only, while a significant time effect was observed for energy density from all foods and beverages (F2, 388=13.75; P<0.0001). Desirable changes were also observed in F/V-related dietary components.
Increasing F/V consumption improved energy density and diet quality considerably in preadolescent children.
儿童通常无法摄入足够的水果和蔬菜（F/V）。增加 F/V 的摄入量可以提高能量密度和整体饮食质量。
我们旨在研究 F/V 摄入量的增加是否与能量密度、总卡路里和与 F/V 相关的饮食成分的改善有关。
我们对一项成功的四组随机对照试验中促进 F/V 的饮食数据进行了二次分析。数据在基线、游戏结束后立即和干预后 3 个月收集。
参与者/设置：招募了青少年儿童-父母二人组（n=400）。入选标准为 4 年级或 5 年级的儿童（约 9 至 11 岁），具备上网条件，且父母愿意参与干预。在 400 名儿童参与者中，有 387 名完成了完整的饮食数据收集。该视频游戏可通过安全的密码保护网站在线获取。
通过电话由经过培训的工作人员使用营养数据系统研究软件对三种未宣布的饮食回忆进行评估，以收集每个数据收集期的饮食摄入情况。计算能量密度和 F/V、营养素和食物的摄入量。
使用 4×3（组乘以时间）重复测量协方差分析的混合效应线性模型。协变量包括儿童的性别、种族/族裔和总能量摄入以及父母的年龄和家庭教育。在能量密度和能量模型中，将能量排除为协变量。
能量密度发生了显著变化。观察到食物来源的能量密度存在显著的交互作用（组乘以时间）（F6, 515=2.40；P<0.05），而所有食物和饮料来源的能量密度都观察到显著的时间效应（F2, 388=13.75；P<0.0001）。与 F/V 相关的饮食成分也观察到了理想的变化。
在青少年儿童中，增加 F/V 的摄入量可显著提高能量密度和饮食质量。
