Doriese W B, Morgan K M, Bennett D A, Denison E V, Fitzgerald C P, Fowler J W, Gard J D, Hays-Wehle J P, Hilton G C, Irwin K D, Joe Y I, Mates J A B, O'Neil G C, Reintsema C D, Robbins N O, Schmidt D R, Swetz D S, Tatsuno H, Vale L R, Ullom J N
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
Stanford University Department of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
J Low Temp Phys. 2016 Jul;184(1):389-395. doi: 10.1007/s10909-015-1373-z. Epub 2016 Dec 8.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a mature scheme for the readout of arrays of transition-edge sensors (TESs). TDM is based on superconducting-quantum-interference-device (SQUID) current amplifiers. Multiple spectrometers based on gamma-ray and X-ray microcalorimeters have been operated with TDM readout, each at the scale of 200 sensors per spectrometer, as have several astronomical cameras with thousands of sub-mm or microwave bolometers. Here we present the details of two different versions of our TDM system designed to read out X-ray TESs. The first has been field-deployed in two 160-sensor (8 columns × 20 rows) spectrometers and four 240-sensor (8 columns × 30 rows) spectrometers. It has a three-SQUID-stage architecture, switches rows every 320 ns, and has total readout noise of 0.41 /√Hz. The second, which is presently under development, has a two-SQUID-stage architecture, switches rows every 160 ns, and has total readout noise of 0.19 /√Hz. Both quoted noise values are non-multiplexed and referred to the first-stage SQUID. In a demonstration of this new architecture, a multiplexed 1-column × 32-row array of NIST TESs achieved average energy resolution of 2.55±0.01 eV at 6 keV.
时分复用（TDM）是一种用于读出过渡边缘传感器（TES）阵列的成熟方案。TDM基于超导量子干涉器件（SQUID）电流放大器。多个基于伽马射线和X射线微热量计的光谱仪已采用TDM读出方式运行，每个光谱仪的规模为200个传感器，还有几台配备数千个亚毫米或微波测辐射热计的天文相机也是如此。在此，我们介绍为读出X射线TES而设计的两种不同版本的TDM系统的详细情况。第一种已在两台160传感器（8列×20行）光谱仪和四台240传感器（8列×30行）光谱仪中进行了实地部署。它具有三级SQUID架构，每320纳秒切换一行，总读出噪声为0.41 /√Hz。第二种目前正在开发中，具有两级SQUID架构，每160纳秒切换一行，总读出噪声为0.19 /√Hz。这两个引用的噪声值均为非复用的，且是相对于第一级SQUID而言的。在对这种新架构的一次演示中，一个由美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST）的TES组成的1列×32行复用阵列在6 keV能量下实现了2.55±0.01 eV的平均能量分辨率。
