Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, via Branze 43, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
Water Res. 2016 Oct 1;102:211-220. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.025. Epub 2016 Jun 14.
The occurrence of emerging organic micropollutants (OMPs) in sewage sludge has been widely reported; nevertheless, their fate during sludge treatment remains unclear. The objective of this work was to study the fate of OMPs during mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD), the most common processes used for sludge stabilization, by using raw sewage sludge without spiking OMPs. Moreover, the results of analytical chemistry were complemented with biological assays in order to verify the possible adverse effects (estrogenic and genotoxic) on the environment and human health in view of an agricultural (re)use of digested sludge. Musk fragrances (AHTN, HHCB), ibuprofen (IBP) and triclosan (TCS) were the most abundant compounds detected in sewage sludge. In general, the efficiency of the AD process was not dependent on operational parameters but compound-specific: some OMPs were highly biotransformed (e.g. sulfamethoxazole and naproxen), while others were only slightly affected (e.g. IBP and TCS) or even unaltered (e.g. AHTN and HHCB). The MCF-7 assay evidenced that estrogenicity removal was driven by temperature. The Ames test did not show point mutation in Salmonella typhimurium while the Comet test exhibited a genotoxic effect on human leukocytes attenuated by AD. This study highlights the importance of combining chemical analysis and biological activities in order to establish appropriate operational strategies for a safer disposal of sewage sludge. Actually, it was demonstrated that temperature has an insignificant effect on the disappearance of the parent compounds while it is crucial to decrease estrogenicity.
新兴有机微污染物 (OMPs) 在污水污泥中的出现已被广泛报道；然而，它们在污泥处理过程中的命运仍不清楚。本工作的目的是研究在最常见的用于污泥稳定化的中温和高温厌氧消化 (AD) 过程中 OMPs 的命运，使用未添加 OMPs 的原始污水污泥。此外，为了验证农业（再）利用消化污泥对环境和人类健康的可能不利影响（雌激素和遗传毒性），分析化学的结果还辅以生物学测定。麝香香料（AHTN、HHCB）、布洛芬 (IBP) 和三氯生 (TCS) 是污水污泥中检测到的最丰富的化合物。一般来说，AD 过程的效率不依赖于操作参数，而是取决于化合物的特异性：一些 OMPs 被高度生物转化（例如磺胺甲恶唑和萘普生），而其他 OMPs 则仅受到轻微影响（例如 IBP 和 TCS）或甚至没有变化（例如 AHTN 和 HHCB）。MCF-7 测定表明雌激素去除是由温度驱动的。Ames 试验未显示鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的点突变，而彗星试验则显示人白细胞的遗传毒性效应，AD 可减弱该效应。本研究强调了将化学分析与生物活性相结合以建立更安全处理污水污泥的适当操作策略的重要性。实际上，已经证明温度对母体化合物的消失影响不大，而降低雌激素活性至关重要。
