Moghetti Paolo, Bacchi Elisabetta, Brangani Corinna, Donà Silvia, Negri Carlo
Front Horm Res. 2016;47:44-57. doi: 10.1159/000445156. Epub 2016 Jun 27.
Exercise has a powerful action on metabolism, and adaptation of the body to changes induced by exercise is fundamental to be able to provide the energy required for muscle contraction and physiological functions of vital tissues. Depending on the intensity and duration of exercise, different mechanisms are called on to make energy available, and under homeostatic control, this is guaranteed by rapid and coordinated changes in the secretion of several hormones. Molecular mechanisms controlling muscle function and fiber phenotype are related to the specific mode of muscle activation. We can distinguish between two fundamental types of physical activity, endurance exercise and strength exercise, although there is a continuum between these exercise modalities. Besides the acute changes induced by a single exercise session, regular exercise may induce chronic adaptations, improving exercise capacity and affecting energy metabolism. Notably, although acute metabolic effects of exercise are mostly due to insulin-independent effects, exercise training may improve muscle insulin sensitivity and is considered a key tool in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders. This chapter focuses on the biochemistry of energy supply to the exercising muscle, on molecular mechanisms involved and on the physiology of energy metabolism during exercise in healthy subjects and patients with insulin resistance and/or diabetes.
运动对新陈代谢有强大作用，身体对运动引起的变化的适应能力对于能够提供肌肉收缩和重要组织生理功能所需能量至关重要。根据运动的强度和持续时间，会调用不同机制来提供能量，并且在稳态控制下，这通过几种激素分泌的快速协调变化得以保证。控制肌肉功能和纤维表型的分子机制与肌肉激活的特定模式有关。我们可以区分两种基本类型的体育活动，即耐力运动和力量运动，尽管这些运动方式之间存在连续性。除了单次运动引起的急性变化外，规律运动可能会引发慢性适应，提高运动能力并影响能量代谢。值得注意的是，尽管运动的急性代谢效应主要归因于胰岛素非依赖效应，但运动训练可改善肌肉胰岛素敏感性，被认为是预防和治疗代谢紊乱的关键手段。本章重点关注健康受试者以及胰岛素抵抗和/或糖尿病患者在运动期间向运动肌肉提供能量的生物化学、所涉及的分子机制以及能量代谢生理学。
