Lopes Mariana Samôr, Bertucci Thayse Cristina Pereira, Rapagnã Luciano, Tubino Rafael de Almeida, Monteiro-Neto Cassiano, Tomas Acácio Ribeiro Gomes, Tenório Maria Cristina, Lima Tânia, Souza Rosa, Carrillo-Briceño Jorge Domingo, Haimovici Manuel, Macario Kita, Carvalho Carla, Aguilera Socorro Orangel
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Campus do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista, s/n°.CEP: 24020-141, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Instituto de Pesca, Centro APTA Pescado Marinho, Av. Bartolomeu de Gusmão 192, Santos, São Paulo, CEP: 11030-906, Brasil.
PLoS One. 2016 Jun 29;11(6):e0154476. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154476. eCollection 2016.
Brazilian shellmounds are archaeological sites with a high concentration of marine faunal remains. There are more than 2000 sites along the coast of Brazil that range in age from 8,720 to 985 cal BP. Here, we studied the ichthyoarchaeological remains (i.e., cranial/postcranial bones, otoliths, and teeth, among others) at 13 shellmounds on the southern coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, which are located in coastal landscapes, including a sandy plain with coastal lagoons, rocky islands, islets and rocky bays. We identified patterns of similarity between shellmounds based on fish diversity, the ages of the assemblages, littoral geomorphology and prehistoric fisheries. Our new radiocarbon dating, based on otolith samples, was used for fishery characterization over time. A taxonomical study of the ichthyoarchaeological remains includes a diversity of 97 marine species, representing 37% of all modern species (i.e., 265 spp.) that have been documented along the coast of Rio de Janeiro state. This high fish diversity recovered from the shellmounds is clear evidence of well-developed prehistoric fishery activity that targeted sharks, rays and finfishes in a productive area influenced by coastal marine upwelling. The presence of adult and neonate shark, especially oceanic species, is here interpreted as evidence of prehistoric fisheries capacity for exploitation and possibly overexploitation in nursery areas. Various tools and strategies were used to capture finfish in seasonal fisheries, over rocky reef bottoms and in sandy littoral environments. Massive catches of whitemouth croaker, main target dermersal species of South Atlantic coast, show evidence of a reduction in body size of approximately 28% compared with modern fisheries. Fishery activity involving vulnerable species, especially in nursery areas, could mark the beginning of fish depletion along the southeastern Brazilian coast and the collapse of natural fish populations.
巴西贝丘是海洋动物遗骸高度集中的考古遗址。巴西沿海有2000多个此类遗址，其年代跨度从距今8720年至公元985年。在此，我们研究了里约热内卢州南部海岸13个贝丘中的鱼类考古遗骸（即颅骨/颅后骨骼、耳石和牙齿等），这些贝丘位于沿海地貌区域，包括有沿海泻湖的沙地平原、岩石岛屿、小岛和岩石海湾。我们根据鱼类多样性、组合年代、滨海地貌和史前渔业确定了贝丘之间的相似模式。我们基于耳石样本进行的新放射性碳测年被用于随时间推移对渔业特征进行描述。对鱼类考古遗骸的分类学研究包括97种海洋物种，占里约热内卢州沿海已记录的所有现代物种（即265种）的37%。从贝丘中发现的这种高鱼类多样性清楚地证明了史前渔业活动的发达，该活动在受沿海海洋上升流影响的高产区域以鲨鱼、鳐鱼和硬骨鱼为目标。成年鲨鱼和新生鲨鱼尤其是大洋性物种的存在在此被解释为史前渔业在育幼区进行开发甚至可能过度开发的能力的证据。在季节性渔业中，人们使用了各种工具和策略在多岩石的礁底和沙质滨海环境中捕获硬骨鱼。作为南大西洋海岸主要目标底栖物种的白口鸢鲼的大量捕获表明，与现代渔业相比，其体型缩小了约28%。涉及易危物种的渔业活动，尤其是在育幼区的活动，可能标志着巴西东南沿海鱼类资源枯竭的开始以及天然鱼类种群的崩溃。
