巴西潘塔纳尔湿地中美州浣熊（Nasua nasua，浣熊科）体内克氏锥虫野生循环以及锥蝽的复杂性和多因素性
Complexity and multi-factoriality of Trypanosoma cruzi sylvatic cycle in coatis, Nasua nasua (Procyonidae), and triatomine bugs in the Brazilian Pantanal.
作者信息
Alves Fernanda Moreira, de Lima Juliane Saab, Rocha Fabiana Lopes, Herrera Heitor Miraglia, Mourão Guilherme de Miranda, Jansen Ana Maria
机构信息
Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Laboratório de Vida Selvagem, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa)/Pantanal, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.
出版信息
Parasit Vectors. 2016 Jul 1;9(1):378. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1649-4.
BACKGROUND
Trypanosoma cruzi is dispersed in nature through many transmission mechanisms among a high diversity of vectors and mammalian species, representing particular behaviors and habitats. Thus, each locality has a unique set of conditions underlying the maintenance of this parasite in the wild. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the life-cycle of T. cruzi in free-ranging coatis from the central region of the Brazilian Pantanal using a multi-factorial approach.
METHODS
Three methodological blocks were used in the present study: (i) We evaluated T. cruzi infection using serological (ELISA) and parasitological (hemoculture) tests in free-ranging coatis captured from October 2010 to March 2012. In addition, we characterized T. cruzi isolates as DTUs (Discrete Typing Units); (ii) We evaluated Trypanosoma infection in species of Triatoma and Rhodnius inhabiting coati arboreal nests from May to September 2012 using parasitological and molecular assays; and (iii) We analyzed a set of longitudinal data (from 2005 to 2012) concerning the effects of T. cruzi infection on this coati population. Herein, we investigated whether seasonality, host sex, and host age influence T. cruzi prevalence and patterns of infection.
RESULTS
The 2010-2012 period presented high seroprevalence on coatis (72.0 % ELISA) and a high percentage of individuals with infectivity competence (20.5 % positive hemoculture). All isolates presented TcI band patterns, occurring in single (n = 3) and mixed infections (1 TcI/T. rangeli; 4 with undefined characterization). Both male and female individuals presented the same transmission potential, expressed as positive hemoculture, which was only detected in the summer. However, overall, the data (2005-2012) highlighted the importance of females for T. cruzi maintenance in the winter. Moreover, twenty-three (67.6 %) bugs from five coati nests (71.4 %) were infected with flagellated forms. Seventeen samples were characterized as T. cruzi (TcI and TcIII genotypes).
CONCLUSION
In the Pantanal region, T. cruzi is transmitted in a complex, multifactorial, dynamic and non-linear transmission web. The coati nests might be inserted in this web, acting as important transmission foci at the arboreal stratum to different mammal species with arboreal or scansorial behavior.
背景
克氏锥虫在自然界中通过多种传播机制在高度多样的媒介和哺乳动物物种之间传播，呈现出特定的行为和栖息地。因此，每个地区都有一套独特的条件来维持这种寄生虫在野外的生存。本研究的目的是使用多因素方法评估巴西潘塔纳尔湿地中部自由放养的南美浣熊体内克氏锥虫的生命周期。
方法
本研究使用了三个方法板块：（i）我们在2010年10月至2012年3月捕获的自由放养南美浣熊中，使用血清学（ELISA）和寄生虫学（血液培养）检测评估克氏锥虫感染情况。此外，我们将克氏锥虫分离株鉴定为离散分型单元（DTUs）；（ii）我们在2012年5月至9月期间，使用寄生虫学和分子检测方法评估栖息在南美浣熊树巢中的锥蝽属和红猎蝽属物种的锥虫感染情况；（iii）我们分析了一组纵向数据（2005年至2012年），内容涉及克氏锥虫感染对该南美浣熊种群的影响。在此，我们研究了季节性、宿主性别和宿主年龄是否会影响克氏锥虫的流行率和感染模式。
结果
2010 - 2012年期间，南美浣熊的血清阳性率很高（ELISA检测为72.0%），具有感染能力的个体比例也很高（血液培养阳性率为20.5%）。所有分离株均呈现TcI条带模式，存在单一感染（n = 3）和混合感染（1例TcI/ rangeli锥虫；4例特征未明确）。雄性和雌性个体表现出相同的传播潜力，以血液培养阳性表示，仅在夏季检测到。然而，总体而言，2005 - 2012年的数据突出了雌性在冬季对克氏锥虫维持的重要性。此外，来自五个南美浣熊巢穴的23只（67.6%）虫子（71.4%）感染了鞭毛虫形态。17个样本被鉴定为克氏锥虫（TcI和TcIII基因型）。
结论
在潘塔纳尔湿地地区，克氏锥虫通过一个复杂、多因素、动态和非线性的传播网络进行传播。南美浣熊巢穴可能融入这个网络，在树栖层作为重要的传播疫源地，传播给具有树栖或攀缘行为的不同哺乳动物物种。
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