Louis Edward J
Centre for Genetic Architecture of Complex Traits, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2016 Jul 1;2016(7):2016/7/pdb.top077750. doi: 10.1101/pdb.top077750.
Budding yeast strains used in the laboratory have had a checkered past. Historically, the choice of strain for any particular experiment depended on the suitability of the strain for the topic of study (e.g., cell cycle vs. meiosis). Many laboratory strains had poor fermentation properties and were not representative of the robust strains used for domestic purposes. Most strains were related to each other, but investigators usually had only vague notions about the extent of their relationships. Isogenicity was difficult to confirm before the advent of molecular genetic techniques. However, their ease of growth and manipulation in laboratory conditions made them "the model" model organism, and they still provided a great deal of fundamental knowledge. Indeed, more than one Nobel Prize has been won using them. Most of these strains continue to be powerful tools, and isogenic derivatives of many of them-including entire collections of deletions, overexpression constructs, and tagged gene products-are now available. Furthermore, many of these strains are now sequenced, providing intimate knowledge of their relationships. Recent collections, new isolates, and the creation of genetically tractable derivatives have expanded the available strains for experiments. But even still, these laboratory strains represent a small fraction of the diversity of yeast. The continued development of new laboratory strains will broaden the potential questions that can be posed. We are now poised to take advantage of this diversity, rather than viewing it as a detriment to controlled experiments.
实验室中使用的芽殖酵母菌株有着复杂的历史。从历史上看，任何特定实验的菌株选择取决于该菌株对研究主题的适用性（例如，细胞周期与减数分裂）。许多实验室菌株发酵性能不佳，不能代表用于实际用途的健壮菌株。大多数菌株彼此相关，但研究人员通常对它们之间关系的程度只有模糊的概念。在分子遗传技术出现之前，很难确认菌株的同质性。然而，它们在实验室条件下易于生长和操作，使其成为“典型”的模式生物，并且它们仍然提供了大量的基础知识。事实上，使用它们已经获得了不止一项诺贝尔奖。这些菌株中的大多数仍然是强大的工具，现在许多菌株的同基因衍生物——包括完整的缺失文库、过表达构建体和标记基因产物——都已可用。此外，现在许多这些菌株都已测序，这让我们深入了解了它们之间的关系。最近的菌株收集、新的分离株以及可遗传操作衍生物的创建，扩大了可用于实验的菌株范围。但即便如此，这些实验室菌株也只占酵母多样性的一小部分。新实验室菌株的不断发展将拓宽可以提出的潜在问题。我们现在准备好利用这种多样性，而不是将其视为对对照实验的不利因素。
