Roe Jenny, Aspinall Peter A, Ward Thompson Catharine
Center for Design and Health, School of Architecture, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA.
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, Yorkshire YO10 5DD, UK.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Jul 5;13(7):681. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13070681.
Very little is known about how differences in use and perceptions of urban green space impact on the general health of black and minority ethnic (BME) groups. BME groups in the UK suffer from poorer health and a wide range of environmental inequalities that include poorer access to urban green space and poorer quality of green space provision. This study used a household questionnaire (n = 523) to explore the relationship between general health and a range of individual, social and physical environmental predictors in deprived white British and BME groups living in ethnically diverse cities in England. Results from Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) segmentation analyses identified three distinct general health segments in our sample ranging from "very good" health (people of Indian origin), to "good" health (white British), and "poor" health (people of African-Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Pakistani origin and other BME groups), labelled "Mixed BME" in the analyses. Correlated Component Regression analyses explored predictors of general health for each group. Common predictors of general health across all groups were age, disability, and levels of physical activity. However, social and environmental predictors of general health-including use and perceptions of urban green space-varied among the three groups. For white British people, social characteristics of place (i.e., place belonging, levels of neighbourhood trust, loneliness) ranked most highly as predictors of general health, whilst the quality of, access to and the use of urban green space was a significant predictor of general health for the poorest health group only, i.e., in "Mixed BME". Results are discussed from the perspective of differences in use and perceptions of urban green space amongst ethnic groups. We conclude that health and recreation policy in the UK needs to give greater attention to the provision of local green space amongst poor BME communities since this can play an important role in helping address the health inequalities experienced by these groups.
关于城市绿地使用和认知方面的差异如何影响黑人和少数族裔群体的总体健康，我们所知甚少。英国的黑人和少数族裔群体健康状况较差，面临着广泛的环境不平等问题，包括获得城市绿地的机会较少以及绿地供给质量较差。本研究采用家庭问卷调查（n = 523），探讨生活在英格兰种族多元化城市中贫困的英国白人群体和黑人和少数族裔群体的总体健康与一系列个人、社会及自然环境预测因素之间的关系。卡方自动交互检测（CHAID）分割分析结果在我们的样本中确定了三个不同的总体健康类别，从“非常好”健康状况（印度裔人群）到“良好”健康状况（英国白人），再到“较差”健康状况（非裔加勒比人、孟加拉裔、巴基斯坦裔人群以及其他黑人和少数族裔群体，在分析中标记为“混合黑人和少数族裔”）。相关成分回归分析探讨了每组总体健康的预测因素。所有群体总体健康的常见预测因素是年龄、残疾状况和身体活动水平。然而，总体健康的社会和环境预测因素——包括城市绿地的使用和认知——在这三个群体中各不相同。对于英国白人来说，场所的社会特征（即场所归属感、邻里信任水平、孤独感）作为总体健康的预测因素排名最高，而城市绿地的质量、可达性和使用情况仅对健康状况最差的群体（即“混合黑人和少数族裔”）来说是总体健康的重要预测因素。我们从不同种族群体对城市绿地使用和认知的差异角度讨论了研究结果。我们得出结论，英国的健康与休闲政策需要更加关注贫困黑人和少数族裔社区的本地绿地供给，因为这在帮助解决这些群体所经历的健康不平等问题方面可以发挥重要作用。
