Sorensen Peter W, Johnson Nicholas S
Department of Fisheries, Wildlife & Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 324 Skok Hall, St Paul Campus, MN, 55108, USA.
U.S. Geological Survey, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Great Lakes Science Center, 11188 Ray Road, Millersburg, MI, 49759, USA.
J Chem Ecol. 2016 Jul;42(7):698-715. doi: 10.1007/s10886-016-0729-4. Epub 2016 Jul 14.
Controlling unwanted, or nuisance, fishes is becoming an increasingly urgent issue with few obvious solutions. Because fish rely heavily on semiochemicals, or chemical compounds that convey information between and within species, to mediate aspects of their life histories, these compounds are increasingly being considered as an option to help control wild fish. Possible uses of semiochemicals include measuring their presence in water to estimate population size, adding them to traps to count or remove specific species of fish, adding them to waterways to manipulate large-scale movement patterns, and saturating the environment with synthesized semiochemicals to disrupt responses to the natural cue. These applications may be especially appropriate for pheromones, chemical signals that pass between members of same species and which also have extreme specificity and potency. Alarm cues, compounds released by injured fish, and cues released by potential predators also could function as repellents and be especially useful if paired with pheromonal attractants in "push-pull" configurations. Approximately half a dozen attractive pheromones now have been partially identified in fish, and those for the sea lamprey and the common carp have been tested in the field with modest success. Alarm and predator cues for sea lamprey also have been tested in the laboratory and field with some success. Success has been hampered by our incomplete understanding of chemical identity, a lack of synthesized compounds, the fact that laboratory bioassays do not always reflect natural environments, and the relative difficulty of conducting trials on wild fishes because of short field seasons and regulatory requirements. Nevertheless, workers continue efforts to identify pheromones because of the great potential elucidated by insect control and the fact that few tools are available to control nuisance fish. Approaches developed for nuisance fish also could be applied to valued fishes, which suffer from a lack of powerful management tools.
控制有害鱼类正成为一个日益紧迫的问题，且几乎没有明显的解决办法。由于鱼类严重依赖信息化学物质，即物种之间和物种内部传递信息的化合物，来调节其生活史的各个方面，这些化合物越来越被视为帮助控制野生鱼类的一种选择。信息化学物质的可能用途包括测量它们在水中的存在以估计种群数量，将它们添加到诱捕装置中以计数或清除特定种类的鱼类，将它们添加到水道中以操纵大规模的移动模式，以及用合成信息化学物质使环境饱和以扰乱对自然信号的反应。这些应用可能特别适用于信息素，即同一物种成员之间传递的化学信号，它们也具有极高的特异性和效力。受伤鱼类释放的警报信号、化合物以及潜在捕食者释放的信号也可以起到驱避作用，如果与信息素引诱剂以“推-拉”配置配对，可能会特别有用。目前已经在鱼类中部分鉴定出大约六种有吸引力的信息素，其中海七鳃鳗和鲤鱼的信息素已经在野外进行了测试，取得了一定的成功。海七鳃鳗的警报和捕食者信号也已经在实验室和野外进行了测试，取得了一些成功。然而，我们对化学特性的不完全理解、缺乏合成化合物、实验室生物测定并不总是能反映自然环境这一事实，以及由于野外季节短暂和监管要求而在野生鱼类上进行试验相对困难，这些都阻碍了研究的成功。尽管如此，由于昆虫控制所显示的巨大潜力以及控制有害鱼类的工具很少，研究人员仍在继续努力鉴定信息素。为控制有害鱼类开发的方法也可以应用于珍贵鱼类，因为珍贵鱼类缺乏有效的管理工具。
