Panczakiewicz Amy L, Glass Leila, Coles Claire D, Kable Julie A, Sowell Elizabeth R, Wozniak Jeffrey R, Jones Kenneth Lyons, Riley Edward P, Mattson Sarah N
Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016 Sep;40(9):1971-81. doi: 10.1111/acer.13153. Epub 2016 Jul 19.
Neurobehavioral consequences of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure are well documented; however, the role of age or sex in these effects has not been studied. The current study examined the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, sex, and age on neurobehavioral functioning in children.
Subjects were 407 youth with prenatal alcohol exposure (n = 192) and controls (n = 215). Two age groups (child [5 to 7 years] or adolescent [10 to 16 years]) and both sexes were included. All subjects completed standardized neuropsychological testing, and caregivers completed parent-report measures of psychopathology and adaptive behavior. Neuropsychological functioning, psychopathology, and adaptive behavior were analyzed with separate 2 (exposure history) × 2 (sex) × 2 (age) multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs). Significant effects were followed by univariate analyses.
No 3-way or 2-way interactions were significant. The main effect of group was significant in all 3 MANOVAs, with the control group performing better than the alcohol-exposed group on all measures. The main effect of age was significant for neuropsychological performance and adaptive functioning across exposure groups with younger children performing better than older children on 3 measures (language, communication, socialization). Older children performed better than younger children on a different language measure. The main effect of sex was significant for neuropsychological performance and psychopathology; across exposure groups, males had stronger language and visual spatial scores and fewer somatic complaints than females.
Prenatal alcohol exposure resulted in impaired neuropsychological and behavioral functioning. Although adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure may perform more poorly than younger exposed children, the same was true for nonexposed children. Thus, these cross-sectional data indicate that the developmental trajectory for neuropsychological and behavioral performance is not altered by prenatal alcohol exposure, but rather, deficits are consistent across the 2 age groups tested. Similarly, observed sex differences on specific measures were consistent across the groups and do not support sexually dimorphic effects in these domains.
产前大量饮酒对神经行为的影响已有充分记录；然而，年龄或性别在这些影响中的作用尚未得到研究。本研究考察了产前酒精暴露、性别和年龄对儿童神经行为功能的影响。
研究对象为407名有产前酒精暴露史的青少年（n = 192）和对照组（n = 215）。纳入了两个年龄组（儿童[5至7岁]或青少年[10至16岁]）以及男女两性。所有受试者均完成标准化神经心理学测试，照料者完成关于精神病理学和适应性行为的家长报告测量。神经心理功能、精神病理学和适应性行为通过独立的2（暴露史）×2（性别）×2（年龄）多因素方差分析（MANOVA）进行分析。显著效应之后进行单因素分析。
三因素或双因素交互作用均无显著意义。在所有三项多因素方差分析中，组间主效应均显著，对照组在所有测量指标上的表现均优于酒精暴露组。年龄主效应在神经心理学表现和适应性功能方面对所有暴露组均显著，年幼儿童在三项指标（语言、沟通、社交）上的表现优于年长儿童。年长儿童在另一项语言指标上的表现优于年幼儿童。性别主效应在神经心理学表现和精神病理学方面显著；在所有暴露组中，男性的语言和视觉空间得分更高，躯体主诉比女性更少。
产前酒精暴露导致神经心理和行为功能受损。虽然有产前酒精暴露史的青少年可能比年幼的暴露儿童表现更差，但未暴露儿童也是如此。因此，这些横断面数据表明，产前酒精暴露并未改变神经心理和行为表现的发育轨迹，而是在所测试的两个年龄组中缺陷是一致的。同样，在特定指标上观察到的性别差异在各组中是一致的，并不支持这些领域中的性别二态性效应。
