Holding Matthew L, Drabeck Danielle H, Jansa Sharon A, Gibbs H Lisle
*Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
Integr Comp Biol. 2016 Nov;56(5):1032-1043. doi: 10.1093/icb/icw082. Epub 2016 Jul 21.
SynopsisVenom and venom resistance are molecular phenotypes widely considered to have diversified through coevolution between predators and prey. However, while evolutionary and functional studies on venom have been extensive, little is known about the molecular basis, variation, and complexity of venom resistance. We review known mechanisms of venom resistance and relate these mechanisms to their predicted impact on coevolutionary dynamics with venomous enemies. We then describe two conceptual approaches which can be used to examine venom/resistance systems. At the intraspecific level, tests of local adaptation in venom and resistance phenotypes can identify the functional mechanisms governing the outcomes of coevolution. At deeper evolutionary timescales, the combination of phylogenetically informed analyses of protein evolution coupled with studies of protein function promise to elucidate the mode and tempo of evolutionary change on potentially coevolving genes. We highlight case studies that use each approach to extend our knowledge of these systems as well as address larger questions about coevolutionary dynamics. We argue that resistance and venom are phenotypic traits which hold exceptional promise for investigating the mechanisms, dynamics, and outcomes of coevolution at the molecular level. Furthermore, extending the understanding of single gene-for-gene interactions to the whole resistance and venom phenotypes may provide a model system for examining the molecular and evolutionary dynamics of complex multi-gene interactions.
摘要
毒液和抗毒能力是被广泛认为通过捕食者与猎物之间的共同进化而多样化的分子表型。然而，尽管对毒液的进化和功能研究已经很广泛，但对于抗毒能力的分子基础、变异和复杂性却知之甚少。我们回顾了已知的抗毒机制，并将这些机制与其对与有毒敌人共同进化动态的预测影响联系起来。然后，我们描述了两种可用于研究毒液/抗毒系统的概念方法。在种内水平上，对毒液和抗毒表型的局部适应性测试可以确定控制共同进化结果的功能机制。在更深的进化时间尺度上，系统发育信息丰富的蛋白质进化分析与蛋白质功能研究相结合，有望阐明潜在共同进化基因的进化变化模式和速度。我们重点介绍了利用每种方法来扩展我们对这些系统的认识以及解决有关共同进化动态的更大问题的案例研究。我们认为，抗毒能力和毒液是在分子水平上研究共同进化的机制、动态和结果具有特殊前景的表型特征。此外，将对单基因对单基因相互作用的理解扩展到整个抗毒和毒液表型，可能为研究复杂多基因相互作用的分子和进化动态提供一个模型系统。
