Arbuckle Kevin, Rodríguez de la Vega Ricardo C, Casewell Nicholas R
Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom; Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
Ecologie Systematique Evolution, UMR8079, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
Toxicon. 2017 Dec 15;140:118-131. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.026. Epub 2017 Oct 27.
Understanding how biotic interactions shape the genomes of the interacting species is a long-sought goal of evolutionary biology that has been hampered by the scarcity of tractable systems in which specific genomic features can be linked to complex phenotypes involved in interspecific interactions. In this review we present the compelling case of evolved resistance to the toxic challenge of venomous or poisonous animals as one such system. Animal venoms and poisons can be comprised of few or of many individual toxins. Here we show that resistance to animal toxins has evolved multiple times across metazoans, although it has been documented more often in phyla that feed on chemically-armed animals than in prey of venomous predators. We review three types of gene-product based resistance: 1) toxin scavenging, where molecules produced by the envenomed organism bind and inactivate the toxins; 2) target-site insensitivity, including landmark cases of convergent changes that make the molecules normally targeted by animal toxins refractory, and; 3) off-target repurposing, where envenomed organisms overcome toxicity by exploiting the function of toxins to alter their physiological effect. We finish by discussing the evolutionary processes that likely played a role in the origin and maintenance of toxin resistance. We conclude that antagonistic interactions involving poisonous or venomous animals are unparalleled models for investigating microevolutionary processes involved in coevolution and linking them to macroevolutionary patterns.
理解生物相互作用如何塑造相互作用物种的基因组，是进化生物学长期以来追求的目标，但一直受到可处理系统稀缺的阻碍，在这些系统中，特定的基因组特征可以与种间相互作用中涉及的复杂表型联系起来。在这篇综述中，我们提出了一个引人注目的案例，即对有毒或有毒动物的毒性挑战的进化抗性就是这样一个系统。动物毒液和毒物可以由少数或多种单独的毒素组成。在这里，我们表明，对动物毒素的抗性在整个后生动物中已经多次进化，尽管在以化学武装动物为食的门中比在有毒捕食者的猎物中记录得更频繁。我们综述了三种基于基因产物的抗性：1）毒素清除，即中毒生物产生的分子结合并使毒素失活；2）靶位点不敏感，包括使通常被动物毒素靶向的分子变得难治的趋同变化的标志性案例；3）靶外重新利用，即中毒生物通过利用毒素的功能来改变其生理效应来克服毒性。我们最后讨论了可能在毒素抗性的起源和维持中起作用的进化过程。我们得出结论，涉及有毒或有毒动物的拮抗相互作用是研究协同进化中涉及的微观进化过程并将它们与宏观进化模式联系起来的无与伦比的模型。
