Helm Fabian, Reiser Mathias, Munzert Jörn
Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Giessen, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2016 Jun 21;7:882. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00882. eCollection 2016.
In our everyday environments, we are constantly having to adapt our behavior to changing conditions. Hence, processing information is a fundamental cognitive activity, especially the linking together of perceptual and action processes. In this context, expertise research in the sport domain has concentrated on arguing that superior processing performance is driven by an advantage to be found in anticipatory processes (see Williams et al., 2011, for a review). This has resulted in less attention being paid to the benefits coming from basic internal perceptual-motor processing. In general, research on reaction time (RT) indicates that practicing a RT task leads to an increase in processing speed (Mowbray and Rhoades, 1959; Rabbitt and Banerji, 1989). Against this background, the present study examined whether the speed of internal processing is dependent on or independent from domain-specific motor expertise in unpredictable stimulus-response tasks and in a double stimulus-response paradigm. Thirty male participants (15 team handball goalkeepers and 15 novices) performed domain-unspecific simple or choice stimulus-response (CSR) tasks as well as CSR tasks that were domain-specific only for goalkeepers. As expected, results showed significantly faster RTs for goalkeepers on domain-specific tasks, whereas novices' RTs were more frequently excessively long. However, differences between groups in the double stimulus-response paradigm were not significant. It is concluded that the reported expertise advantage might be due to recalling stored perceptual-motor representations for the domain-specific tasks, implying that experience with (practice of) a motor task explicitly enhances the internal processing of other related domain-specific tasks.
在我们的日常环境中，我们不断地不得不使自己的行为适应不断变化的条件。因此，处理信息是一项基本的认知活动，尤其是将感知和行动过程联系在一起。在这种背景下，体育领域的专业技能研究主要集中在论证卓越的处理表现是由预期过程中的优势驱动的（见Williams等人，2011年的综述）。这导致对基本内部感知 - 运动处理带来的益处关注较少。一般来说，反应时间（RT）的研究表明，练习RT任务会提高处理速度（Mowbray和Rhoades，1959年；Rabbitt和Banerji，1989年）。在此背景下，本研究考察了在不可预测的刺激 - 反应任务以及双刺激 - 反应范式中，内部处理速度是否依赖于特定领域的运动专业技能或与之无关。30名男性参与者（15名团队手球守门员和15名新手）进行了领域非特定的简单或选择刺激 - 反应（CSR）任务以及仅对守门员特定领域的CSR任务。正如预期的那样，结果显示守门员在特定领域任务上的反应时间明显更快，而新手的反应时间则更频繁地过长。然而，在双刺激 - 反应范式中，两组之间的差异并不显著。研究得出结论，所报道的专业技能优势可能是由于回忆特定领域任务中存储的感知 - 运动表征，这意味着对运动任务的经验（练习）明确增强了其他相关特定领域任务的内部处理。
