University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States.
Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island , 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Sep 6;50(17):9133-41. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02496. Epub 2016 Aug 9.
Organic flame retardants (OFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs) are ubiquitous, persistent, and bioaccumulative contaminants that have been used in consumer goods to slow combustion. In this study, polyethylene passive samplers (PEs) were deployed throughout the lower Great Lakes (Lake Erie and Lake Ontario) to measure OFRs in air and water, calculate air-water exchange fluxes, and investigate spatial trends. Dissolved Σ12BDE was greatest in Lake Ontario near Toronto (18 pg/L), whereas gaseous Σ12BDE was greatest on the southern shoreline of Lake Erie (11 pg/m(3)). NHFRs were generally below detection limits. Air-water exchange was dominated by absorption of BDEs 47 and 99, ranging from -964 pg/m(2)/day to -30 pg/m(2)/day. Σ12BDE in air and water was significantly correlated with surrounding population density, suggesting that phased-out PBDEs continued to be emitted from population centers along the Great Lakes shoreline in 2012. Correlation with dissolved Σ12BDE was strongest when considering population within 25 km while correlation with gaseous Σ12BDE was strongest when using population within 3 km to the south of each site. Bayesian kriging was used to predict dissolved Σ12BDE over the lakes, illustrating the utility of relatively highly spatially resolved measurements in identifying potential hot spots for future study.
有机阻燃剂（OFRs），如多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和新型卤代阻燃剂（NHFRs），是无处不在、持久存在且具有生物累积性的污染物，曾被用于消费品中以减缓燃烧。在这项研究中，我们在大湖（伊利湖和安大略湖）下游部署了聚乙烯被动采样器（PEs），以测量空气中和水中的 OFRs，计算空气-水交换通量，并研究空间趋势。在多伦多附近的安大略湖，溶解态Σ12BDE 最高（18 pg/L），而伊利湖南岸的气态 Σ12BDE 最高（11 pg/m3）。NHFRs 通常低于检测限。空气-水交换主要是 BDEs 47 和 99 的吸收，范围从-964 pg/m2/天到-30 pg/m2/天。空气中和水中的Σ12BDE 与周围人口密度呈显著正相关，表明 2012 年，已逐步淘汰的 PBDEs 仍继续从大湖沿岸的人口中心排放。当考虑到 25 公里范围内的人口时，与溶解态Σ12BDE 的相关性最强，而当考虑到每个站点以南 3 公里范围内的人口时，与气态 Σ12BDE 的相关性最强。贝叶斯克里金法被用于预测湖泊中溶解态 Σ12BDE，说明了相对高空间分辨率测量在确定未来研究的潜在热点方面的效用。
