Sistrunk Jeticia R, Nickerson Kourtney P, Chanin Rachael B, Rasko David A, Faherty Christina S
Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016 Oct;29(4):819-36. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00031-16.
Bacterial pathogens have coevolved with humans in order to efficiently infect, replicate within, and be transmitted to new hosts to ensure survival and a continual infection cycle. For enteric pathogens, the ability to adapt to numerous host factors under the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract is critical for establishing infection. One such host factor readily encountered by enteric bacteria is bile, an innately antimicrobial detergent-like compound essential for digestion and nutrient absorption. Not only have enteric pathogens evolved to resist the bactericidal conditions of bile, but these bacteria also utilize bile as a signal to enhance virulence regulation for efficient infection. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of bile-related research with enteric pathogens. From common responses to the unique expression of specific virulence factors, each pathogen has overcome significant challenges to establish infection in the gastrointestinal tract. Utilization of bile as a signal to modulate virulence factor expression has led to important insights for our understanding of virulence mechanisms for many pathogens. Further research on enteric pathogens exposed to this in vivo signal will benefit therapeutic and vaccine development and ultimately enhance our success at combating such elite pathogens.
细菌病原体与人类共同进化，以便有效地感染、在宿主体内复制并传播给新宿主，从而确保生存和持续的感染循环。对于肠道病原体而言，在胃肠道的恶劣条件下适应多种宿主因素的能力对于建立感染至关重要。肠道细菌很容易遇到的一种宿主因素是胆汁，它是一种对消化和营养吸收必不可少的具有天然抗菌作用的类似洗涤剂的化合物。肠道病原体不仅进化出了抵抗胆汁杀菌条件的能力，而且这些细菌还利用胆汁作为信号来增强毒力调节以实现有效感染。本综述对与肠道病原体相关的胆汁研究进行了全面且最新的分析。从对胆汁的常见反应到特定毒力因子的独特表达，每种病原体都克服了重大挑战以在胃肠道中建立感染。利用胆汁作为调节毒力因子表达的信号，为我们理解许多病原体的毒力机制带来了重要见解。对暴露于这种体内信号的肠道病原体进行进一步研究将有益于治疗和疫苗开发，并最终提高我们对抗此类优势病原体的成功率。
