Giovanoulis Georgios, Alves Andreia, Papadopoulou Eleni, Cousins Anna Palm, Schütze André, Koch Holger M, Haug Line S, Covaci Adrian, Magnér Jörgen, Voorspoels Stefan
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Environ Res. 2016 Nov;151:80-90. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.025. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
Phthalate esters (PEs) and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) used as additives in numerous consumer products are continuously released into the environment, leading to subsequent human exposure which might cause adverse health effects. The human biomonitoring approach allows the detection of PEs and DINCH in specific populations, by taking into account all possible routes of exposure (e.g. inhalation, transdermal and oral) and all relevant sources (e.g. air, dust, personal care products, diet). We have investigated the presence of nine PE and two DINCH metabolites and their exposure determinants in 61 adult residents of the Oslo area (Norway). Three urine spots and fingernails were collected from each participant according to established sampling protocols. Metabolite analysis was performed by LC-MS/MS. Metabolite levels in urine were used to back-calculate the total exposure to their corresponding parent compound. The primary monoesters, such as monomethyl phthalate (MMP, geometric mean 89.7ng/g), monoethyl phthalate (MEP, 104.8ng/g) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP, 89.3ng/g) were observed in higher levels in nails, whereas the secondary bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and DINCH oxidative metabolites were more abundant in urine (detection frequency 84-100%). The estimated daily intakes of PEs and DINCH for this Norwegian population did not exceed the established tolerable daily intake and reference doses, and the cumulative risk assessment for combined exposure to plasticizers with similar toxic endpoints indicated no health concerns for the selected population. We found a moderate positive correlation between MEP levels in 3 urine spots and nails (range: 0.56-0.68). Higher frequency of personal care products use was associated with greater MEP concentrations in both urine and nail samples. Increased age, smoking, wearing plastic gloves during house cleaning, consuming food with plastic packaging and eating with hands were associated with higher levels in urine and nails for some of the metabolites. In contrast, frequent hair and hand washing was associated with lower urinary levels of monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5-OH-MEHP), respectively.
邻苯二甲酸酯（PEs）和1,2 - 环己烷二羧酸二异壬酯（DINCH）作为添加剂用于众多消费品中，它们持续释放到环境中，导致人类随后接触到这些物质，这可能会对健康造成不良影响。人体生物监测方法通过考虑所有可能的接触途径（如吸入、经皮和口服）以及所有相关来源（如空气、灰尘、个人护理产品、饮食），能够检测特定人群中的PEs和DINCH。我们对挪威奥斯陆地区的61名成年居民进行了调查，检测其中9种PE和2种DINCH代谢物的存在情况及其接触决定因素。按照既定的采样方案，从每位参与者处收集了3份尿样和指甲样本。通过液相色谱 - 串联质谱法（LC - MS/MS）进行代谢物分析。尿液中的代谢物水平用于反向计算其相应母体化合物的总接触量。主要的单酯，如邻苯二甲酸单甲酯（MMP，几何平均值89.7ng/g）、邻苯二甲酸单乙酯（MEP，104.8ng/g）和邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯（MnBP，89.3ng/g）在指甲中的含量较高，而次要的双（2 - 乙基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（DEHP）和DINCH氧化代谢物在尿液中更为丰富（检测频率84 - 100%）。该挪威人群中PEs和DINCH的估计每日摄入量未超过既定的每日可耐受摄入量和参考剂量，并且对具有相似毒性终点的增塑剂联合接触进行的累积风险评估表明，所选人群不存在健康问题。我们发现3份尿样和指甲中MEP水平之间存在中等程度的正相关（范围：0.56 - 0.68）。使用个人护理产品的频率较高与尿液和指甲样本中更高的MEP浓度相关。年龄增长、吸烟、在家清洁时戴塑料手套、食用塑料包装食品以及用手进食与某些代谢物在尿液和指甲中的较高水平相关。相比之下，频繁洗头和洗手分别与尿液中邻苯二甲酸单异丁酯（MiBP）和邻苯二甲酸单（2 - 乙基 - 5 - 羟基己基）酯（5 - OH - MEHP）的较低水平相关。
