Burger Joanna, Gochfeld Michael, Clarke James, Jeitner Christian, Pittfield Taryn
Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA; Consortium for Risk Evaluation and Stakeholder Participation, Vanderbilt University (Nashville Tennessee) and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA; Environmental and Community Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
J Environ Stud (Northborough). 2015 Jun;1(1). doi: 10.13188/2471-4879.1000001. Epub 2015 Jun 24.
Considerable attention has been devoted to environmental assessment and monitoring, primarily by physical and biological scientists, and more recently by social scientists. However, population growth and global change have resulted in an imperative to assess the resiliency of the environment to adapt to large scale changes and to continue to produce goods and services for future generations (sustainability). Changing land use needs or expectations may require the remediation and restoration of degraded or contaminated land. This paper provides an overview of monitoring types, and discusses how indicators for the different monitoring types can be developed to address questions of ecological health, human health, and whether restoration and remediation are effective. We suggest that along with more traditional types of monitoring, agencies should consider recovery indicators or metrics, as well as resiliency metrics. We suggest that one goal of assessment should be to determine if management, remediation, restoration, and mitigation reduce recovery time, thus reducing community vulnerability and enhancing resiliency to environmental stressors and disasters.
相当多的注意力已投入到环境评估和监测中，主要是由物理和生物科学家进行的，最近社会科学家也参与其中。然而，人口增长和全球变化使得必须评估环境的适应能力，以适应大规模变化，并继续为子孙后代提供商品和服务（可持续性）。土地利用需求或期望的变化可能需要对退化或受污染的土地进行修复和恢复。本文概述了监测类型，并讨论了如何为不同的监测类型制定指标，以解决生态健康、人类健康以及恢复和修复是否有效的问题。我们建议，除了更传统的监测类型外，各机构还应考虑恢复指标或度量标准以及适应能力度量标准。我们建议评估的一个目标应该是确定管理、修复、恢复和缓解措施是否能缩短恢复时间，从而降低社区脆弱性并增强对环境压力源和灾害的适应能力。
