Namboodiri Vijay Mk, Hussain Shuler Marshall G
Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4109D Neuroscience Research Building, 115 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Woods Basic Science Building, Rm 914, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2016 Oct;40:135-141. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.019. Epub 2016 Jul 29.
Making decisions that factor the cost of time is fundamental to survival. Yet, while it is readily appreciated that our perception of time is intimately involved in this process, theories regarding intertemporal decision-making and theories regarding time perception are treated, largely, independently. Even within these respective domains, models providing good fits to data fail to provide insight as to why, from a normative sense, those fits should take their apparent form. Conversely, normative models that proffer a rationalization for why an agent should weigh options in a particular way, or to perceive time in a particular way, fail to account for the full body of well-established experimental evidence. Here we review select, yet key advances in our understanding, identifying conceptual breakthroughs in the fields of intertemporal decision-making and in time perception, as well as their limits and failings in the face of hard-won experimental observation. On this background of accrued knowledge, a new conception unifying the domains of decision-making and time perception is put forward (Training-Integrated Maximization of Reinforcement Rate, TIMERR) to provide a better fit to observations and a more parsimonious reckoning of why we make choices, and thereby perceive time, the way we do.
做出考虑时间成本的决策是生存的根本。然而，尽管人们很容易认识到我们对时间的感知在这一过程中密切相关，但关于跨期决策的理论和关于时间感知的理论在很大程度上是独立对待的。即使在这些各自的领域内，能很好拟合数据的模型也未能从规范意义上深入解释为什么这些拟合会呈现出它们明显的形式。相反，那些为主体为何应以特定方式权衡选项或感知时间提供合理化解释的规范模型，却无法解释一整套确凿的实验证据。在此，我们回顾了在理解方面的一些虽有限但关键的进展，识别了跨期决策领域和时间感知领域的概念突破，以及它们在面对来之不易的实验观察时的局限性和不足之处。在这些积累的知识背景下，我们提出了一个统一决策和时间感知领域的新概念（强化率训练整合最大化，TIMERR），以便更好地拟合观察结果，并更简洁地解释我们为何以这种方式做出选择，进而以这种方式感知时间。
