Anh Hoang Quoc, Nam Vu Duc, Tri Tran Manh, Ha Nguyen Manh, Ngoc Nguyen Thuy, Mai Pham Thi Ngoc, Anh Duong Hong, Minh Nguyen Hung, Tuan Nguyen Anh, Minh Tu Binh
Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Center for Training, Consultancy and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Environ Geochem Health. 2017 Aug;39(4):935-954. doi: 10.1007/s10653-016-9865-6. Epub 2016 Aug 19.
Residue concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in different kinds of samples including consumer products, indoor dust, sediment and fish collected from two e-waste recycling sites, and some industrial, urban and suburban areas in Vietnam were determined to provide a comprehensive assessment of the contamination levels, accumulation pattern, emission potential and human exposure through dust ingestion and fish consumption. There was a large variation of PBDE levels in plastic parts of obsolete electronic equipment (from 1730 to 97,300 ng/g), which is a common result observed in consumer plastic products reported elsewhere. PBDE levels in indoor dust samples collected from e-waste recycling sites ranged from 250 to 8740 ng/g, which were markedly higher than those in industrial areas and household offices. Emission rate of PBDEs from plastic parts of disposed electronic equipment to dust was estimated to be in a range from 3.4 × 10 to 1.2 × 10 (year) for total PBDEs and from 2.9 × 10 to 7.2 × 10 (year) for BDE-209. Some fish species collected from ponds in e-waste recycling villages contained elevated levels of PBDEs, especially BDE-209, which were markedly higher than those in fish previously reported. Overall, levels and patterns of PBDE accumulation in different kinds of samples suggest significant emission from e-waste sites and that these areas are potential sources of PBDE contamination. Intakes of PBDEs via fish consumption were generally higher than those estimated through dust ingestion. Intake of BDE-99 and BDE-209 through dust ingestion contributes a large proportion due to higher concentrations in dust and fish. Body weight normalized daily intake through dust ingestion estimated for the e-waste recycling sites (0.10-3.46 ng/day/kg body wt.) were in a high range as compared to those reported in other countries. Our results highlight the potential releases of PBDEs from informal recycling activities and the high degree of human exposure and suggest the need for continuous investigations on environmental pollution and toxic impacts of e-waste-related hazardous chemicals.
测定了从越南的两个电子垃圾回收点以及一些工业、城市和郊区收集的包括消费品、室内灰尘、沉积物和鱼类在内的不同种类样品中多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）的残留浓度，以全面评估污染水平、积累模式、排放潜力以及通过灰尘摄入和鱼类消费对人类的暴露情况。废弃电子设备塑料部件中的PBDEs水平差异很大（从1730到97300 ng/g），这是在其他地方报道的消费塑料产品中常见的结果。从电子垃圾回收点收集的室内灰尘样品中的PBDEs水平在250到8740 ng/g之间，明显高于工业区和家庭办公室中的水平。废弃电子设备塑料部件中PBDEs向灰尘的排放率估计，总PBDEs为3.4×10至1.2×10（年），BDE-209为2.9×10至7.2×10（年）。从电子垃圾回收村池塘收集的一些鱼类品种含有较高水平的PBDEs，尤其是BDE-209，明显高于先前报道的鱼类中的水平。总体而言，不同种类样品中PBDEs的积累水平和模式表明电子垃圾场有大量排放，这些区域是PBDEs污染的潜在来源。通过鱼类消费摄入的PBDEs通常高于通过灰尘摄入估计的量。由于灰尘和鱼类中浓度较高，通过灰尘摄入BDE-99和BDE-209的摄入量占很大比例。电子垃圾回收点通过灰尘摄入估计的体重标准化每日摄入量（0.10 - 3.46 ng/天/千克体重）与其他国家报道的相比处于较高范围。我们的结果突出了非正式回收活动中PBDEs的潜在释放以及人类的高度暴露，并表明需要持续调查电子垃圾相关有害化学品的环境污染和毒性影响。
