Brooker R J, Alto K M, Marceau K, Najjar R, Leve L D, Ganiban J M, Shaw D S, Reiss D, Neiderhiser J M
1Montana State University,Department of Psychology,Bozeman, MT,USA.
2University of Akron,Department of Psychology,Akron, OH,USA.
J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2016 Dec;7(6):602-615. doi: 10.1017/S204017441600043X. Epub 2016 Aug 30.
Studies of the role of the early environment in shaping children's risk for anxiety problems have produced mixed results. It is possible that inconsistencies in previous findings result from a lack of consideration of a putative role for inherited influences moderators on the impact of early experiences. Early inherited influences not only contribute to vulnerabilities for anxiety problems throughout the lifespan, but can also modulate the ways that the early environment impacts child outcomes. In the current study, we tested the effects of child-centered parenting behaviors on putative anxiety risk in young children who differed in levels of inherited vulnerability. We tested this using a parent-offspring adoption design and a sample in which risk for anxiety problems and parenting behaviors were assessed in both mothers and fathers. Inherited influences on anxiety problems were assessed as anxiety symptoms in biological parents. Child-centered parenting was observed in adoptive mothers and fathers when children were 9 months old. Social inhibition, an early temperament marker of anxiety risk, was observed at child ages 9 and 18 months. Inherited influences on anxiety problems moderated the link between paternal child-centered parenting during infancy and social inhibition in toddlerhood. For children whose birth parents reported high levels of anxiety symptoms, greater child-centered parenting in adoptive fathers was related to greater social inhibition 9 months later. For children whose birth parents reported low levels of anxiety symptoms, greater child-centered parenting in adoptive fathers was related to less social inhibition across the same period.
关于早期环境在塑造儿童焦虑问题风险中所起作用的研究结果不一。先前研究结果的不一致可能是由于缺乏考虑遗传影响调节因素在早期经历影响方面的假定作用。早期遗传影响不仅会导致个体在整个生命周期中易患焦虑问题，还会调节早期环境影响儿童结果的方式。在本研究中，我们测试了以儿童为中心的养育行为对遗传易感性水平不同的幼儿假定焦虑风险的影响。我们采用亲子收养设计和一个样本进行测试，在该样本中对母亲和父亲的焦虑问题风险及养育行为进行了评估。对焦虑问题的遗传影响通过亲生父母的焦虑症状来评估。当孩子9个月大时，观察收养母亲和父亲以儿童为中心的养育行为。在孩子9个月和18个月大时观察到社会抑制，这是焦虑风险的一个早期气质指标。对焦虑问题的遗传影响调节了婴儿期父亲以儿童为中心的养育行为与幼儿期社会抑制之间的联系。对于亲生父母报告焦虑症状水平较高的孩子，收养父亲更多地以儿童为中心的养育行为与9个月后更强的社会抑制有关。对于亲生父母报告焦虑症状水平较低的孩子，收养父亲更多地以儿童为中心的养育行为与同期较弱的社会抑制有关。
