Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Behav Res Ther. 2018 Oct;109:18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.007. Epub 2018 Jul 25.
Recent theories propose that (especially fathers') challenging parenting behavior (CPB) serves to reduce offspring's anxiety development, and that fearful children are more susceptible to parenting. Using a longitudinal design we explored whether more CPB (and less overprotection) of both parents, (1) separately, (2) relatively, and (3) jointly predicts less anxiety in early childhood, and (4) whether child fearful temperament moderates these relations. Participants were 132 couples with their first-born child. Child fearful temperament was observed at 4 months and 1 year, and parents' CPB and overprotection at 1 and 2.5 years. Child anxiety symptoms were assessed at 2.5 and 4.5 years. Multilevel analyses showed that more CPB and, unexpectedly, more overprotection predicted less child anxiety. Relatively, fathers' CPB and mothers' overprotection predicted less anxiety. An interaction showed that if one parent shows low CPB, the other parent's higher CPB predicts less child anxiety. A trend interaction suggested that fathers' CPB predicts less anxiety most strongly for fearful children. Thus, fathers' CPB appears to play a protective role in anxiety development, possibly in particular for children most vulnerable to develop anxiety problems. Parents can compensate for a less challenging partner. The finding that maternal overprotection mitigates child anxiety requires further investigation.
最近的理论提出，（特别是父亲的）具有挑战性的育儿行为（CPB）有助于减少后代的焦虑发展，而恐惧的孩子更容易受到育儿的影响。我们采用纵向设计，探讨了父母双方的 CPB（和较少的过度保护）是否分别：(1) 单独；(2) 相对；(3) 共同预测幼儿期较少的焦虑，以及 (4) 儿童的恐惧气质是否调节这些关系。参与者是 132 对夫妇及其第一个孩子。在 4 个月和 1 岁时观察儿童的恐惧气质，在 1 岁和 2.5 岁时观察父母的 CPB 和过度保护。在 2.5 岁和 4.5 岁时评估儿童的焦虑症状。多层次分析表明，更多的 CPB，以及出乎意料的是，更多的过度保护预测了较少的儿童焦虑。相对而言，父亲的 CPB 和母亲的过度保护预测了较少的焦虑。一项交互作用表明，如果一方父母表现出低 CPB，另一方父母的高 CPB 预测儿童的焦虑较少。趋势交互作用表明，父亲的 CPB 对最容易出现焦虑问题的恐惧儿童的焦虑发展有最强的保护作用。因此，父亲的 CPB 似乎在焦虑发展中起着保护作用，可能对最容易出现焦虑问题的儿童尤其如此。父母可以补偿不具有挑战性的伴侣。母亲过度保护减轻儿童焦虑的发现需要进一步调查。
