Leońska-Duniec A, Ahmetov I I, Zmijewski P
Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Poland; Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland.
Sport Technology Research Center, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
Biol Sport. 2016 Sep;33(3):207-14. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1201052. Epub 2016 May 3.
Frequent and regular physical activity has significant benefits for health, including improvement of body composition and help in weight control. Consequently, promoting training programmes, particularly in those who are genetically predisposed, is a significant step towards controlling the presently increasing epidemic of obesity. Although the physiological responses of the human body to exercise are quite well described, the genetic background of these reactions still remains mostly unknown. This review not only summarizes the current evidence, through a literature review and the results of our studies on the influence of gene variants on the characteristics and range of the body's adaptive response to training, but also explores research organization problems, future trends, and possibilities. We describe the most reliable candidate genetic markers that are involved in energy balance pathways and body composition changes in response to training programmes, such as FTO, MC4R, ACE, PPARG, LEP, LEPR, ADRB2, and ADRB3. This knowledge can have an enormous impact not only on individualization of exercise programmes to make them more efficient and safer, but also on improved recovery, traumatology, medical care, diet, supplementation and many other areas. Nevertheless, the current studies still represent only the first steps towards a better understanding of the genetic factors that influence obesity-related traits, as well as gene variant x physical activity interactions, so further research is necessary.
频繁且规律的体育活动对健康有显著益处，包括改善身体成分以及有助于控制体重。因此，推广训练计划，尤其是针对那些有遗传倾向的人群，是朝着控制当前日益严重的肥胖流行迈出的重要一步。尽管人体对运动的生理反应已有相当详尽的描述，但这些反应的遗传背景大多仍不为人知。本综述不仅通过文献回顾以及我们关于基因变异对身体对训练的适应性反应的特征和范围影响的研究结果，总结了当前的证据，还探讨了研究组织问题、未来趋势及可能性。我们描述了参与能量平衡途径以及因训练计划导致身体成分变化的最可靠候选基因标记，如FTO、MC4R、ACE、PPARG、LEP、LEPR、ADRB2和ADRB3。这些知识不仅会对使运动计划更高效、更安全的个体化产生巨大影响，还会对改善恢复、创伤学、医疗护理、饮食、补充剂及许多其他领域产生巨大影响。然而，目前的研究仍仅代表了朝着更好地理解影响肥胖相关特征的遗传因素以及基因变异与体育活动相互作用迈出的第一步，因此仍需进一步研究。
