Heffernan A L, English K, Toms Lml, Calafat A M, Valentin-Blasini L, Hobson P, Broomhall S, Ware R S, Jagals P, Sly P D, Mueller J F
National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia.
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Dec;23(23):23436-23448. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7571-7. Epub 2016 Sep 10.
A range of pesticides are available in Australia for use in agricultural and domestic settings to control pests, including organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, herbicides, and insect repellents, such as N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). The aim of this study was to provide a cost-effective preliminary assessment of background exposure to a range of pesticides among a convenience sample of Australian residents. De-identified urine specimens stratified by age and sex were obtained from a community-based pathology laboratory and pooled (n = 24 pools of 100 specimens). Concentrations of urinary pesticide biomarkers were quantified using solid-phase extraction coupled with isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Geometric mean biomarker concentrations ranged from <0.1 to 36.8 ng/mL for organophosphate insecticides, <0.1 to 5.5 ng/mL for pyrethroid insecticides, and <0.1 to 8.51 ng/mL for all other biomarkers with the exception of the DEET metabolite 3-diethylcarbamoyl benzoic acid (4.23 to 850 ng/mL). We observed no association between age and concentration for most biomarkers measured but noted a "U-shaped" trend for five organophosphate metabolites, with the highest concentrations observed in the youngest and oldest age strata, perhaps related to age-specific differences in behavior or physiology. The fact that concentrations of specific and non-specific metabolites of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos were higher than reported in USA and Canada may relate to differences in registered applications among countries. Additional biomonitoring programs of the general population and focusing on vulnerable populations would improve the exposure assessment and the monitoring of temporal exposure trends as usage patterns of pesticide products in Australia change over time.
澳大利亚有一系列农药可用于农业和家庭环境中以控制害虫，包括有机磷和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、除草剂以及驱虫剂，如N,N-二乙基间甲苯酰胺（避蚊胺）。本研究的目的是对澳大利亚居民便利样本中一系列农药的背景暴露进行具有成本效益的初步评估。从一家社区病理实验室获取按年龄和性别分层的匿名尿液样本并进行合并（共24组，每组100个样本）。使用固相萃取结合同位素稀释高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量尿液中农药生物标志物的浓度。有机磷杀虫剂的几何平均生物标志物浓度范围为<0.1至36.8 ng/mL，拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂为<0.1至5.5 ng/mL，除避蚊胺代谢物3-二乙基氨基甲酰苯甲酸（4.23至850 ng/mL）外的所有其他生物标志物为<0.1至8.51 ng/mL。我们观察到所测量的大多数生物标志物的浓度与年龄之间无关联，但注意到五种有机磷代谢物呈“U形”趋势，在最年轻和最年长年龄组中观察到的浓度最高，这可能与行为或生理方面的年龄特异性差异有关。有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱的特定和非特定代谢物浓度高于美国和加拿大报告的浓度这一事实，可能与各国注册应用的差异有关。随着澳大利亚农药产品使用模式随时间变化，针对普通人群以及关注弱势群体的更多生物监测计划将改善暴露评估以及对时间暴露趋势的监测。
