Vervaart Peter
Principal Scientist, Pathology Services, Royal Hobart Hospital Honorary Associate, School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania Chair, Committee on Internet and eLearning (C-IeL) , IFCC.
EJIFCC. 2014 Oct 24;25(3):244-51. eCollection 2014 Oct.
Journals have been publishing the results of scientific investigations since the founding of Philosophical Transactions in 1665. Since then we have witnessed a massive expansion in the number of journals to the point that there are now approximately 28,000 active, peer reviewed journals collectively publishing more than 1.8 million articles per year. Before the mid-1990s, these journals were only available on paper but by the end of the 20th century, most journals had moved to online platforms. Online publication has also served as the impetus for the move to 'open-access' to the information contained in journals. The fact that a publication is 'on-line' and 'open-access' does not negate the responsibility of the author and the publisher to publish in an ethical way. [1] The document produced by the IFCC Ethics Task Force (TF-E) on publication ethics states that 'Ethics in Science at its broadest level encompasses research ethics, medical ethics, publication ethics, conflicts of interest, ethical responsibilities as educator, plus many other areas.' Thus publication ethics is a continuum from the first step of research design through to the information being read by the reader. In general terms 'publication ethics' includes the ethical behaviour of the authors in writing and submitting a scientific manuscript to a publisher for the purpose of publication, thus any discussion of publication ethics must include the role of the authors, referees, publisher and reader and the issues of authorship (and the use of 'ghosts'), plagiarism, duplicate publication (including in different languages), image manipulation (particularly in the era of digitisation), and conflict of interest [2]. To aid the authors, and others involved in the process of publication, a number of resources are now available particularly those from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) [3] and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) [4]. More recently the issue of 'publisher ethics' has also been raised, particularly with the sudden increase of what could be termed 'predatory' publishers utilising the open access model to publish low quality articles, which often do not adhere to the guidelines mentioned above, utilising an author-pays model of open-access publishing for their own profit [5].
自1665年《哲学汇刊》创刊以来，期刊一直在发表科学研究成果。从那时起，我们见证了期刊数量的大幅增长，如今大约有28000种活跃的、经过同行评审的期刊，每年共发表超过180万篇文章。在20世纪90年代中期之前，这些期刊仅以纸质形式提供，但到20世纪末，大多数期刊已转向在线平台。在线出版也推动了向期刊所含信息“开放获取”的转变。出版物“在线”且“开放获取”这一事实并不否定作者和出版商以符合道德的方式出版的责任。[1]国际临床化学和检验医学联合会伦理工作组（TF - E）编写的关于出版伦理的文件指出，“最广义的科学伦理涵盖研究伦理、医学伦理、出版伦理、利益冲突、作为教育者的伦理责任以及许多其他领域。”因此，出版伦理是一个连续体，从研究设计的第一步一直到读者阅读信息。一般来说，“出版伦理”包括作者在撰写并向出版商提交科学稿件以进行出版时的道德行为，因此任何关于出版伦理的讨论都必须包括作者、审稿人、出版商和读者的角色以及作者身份（和“代笔”的使用）、抄袭、重复发表（包括用不同语言）、图像操纵（特别是在数字化时代）以及利益冲突等问题[2]。为了帮助作者以及其他参与出版过程的人，现在有许多资源可供使用，特别是来自出版伦理委员会（COPE）[3]和世界医学编辑协会（WAME）[4]的资源。最近，“出版商伦理”问题也被提了出来，特别是随着所谓“掠夺性”出版商的突然增加，这些出版商利用开放获取模式发表低质量文章，这些文章往往不符合上述指导方针，通过作者付费的开放获取出版模式谋取私利[5]。
