Halevy Nir
Stanford University.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2017 Feb;112(2):224-237. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000077. Epub 2016 Sep 29.
Preemptive strikes are costly and harmful. Existing models of defensive aggression focus narrowly on the role fear plays in motivating preemptive strikes. Theoretically integrating the literatures on conflict, decision making, and emotion, the current research investigated how specific emotions associated with certainty or uncertainty, including fear, anger, disgust, hope, and happiness, influence preemptive strikes. Study 1 demonstrated that hope negatively predicts defensive exits from relationships in choice dilemmas. Studies 2 and 3 experimentally manipulated risk of being attacked in an incentivized, interactive decision making task-the Preemptive Strike Game. Risk of being attacked fueled preemptive strikes; reduced feelings of hope partially mediated this effect in Study 3. Studies 4 and 5 investigated preemptive strikes under uncertainty (rather than risk). In Study 4, reasoning about the factors that make one trustful of others curbed preemptive strikes; cogitating about the factors that underlie discrete emotions, however, did not influence defensive aggression. Study 5 demonstrated that the valence and uncertainty appraisals of incidental emotions interact in shaping preemptive strikes. Specifically, recalling an autobiographical emotional experience that produced hope significantly decreased attack rates relative to fear, happiness, and a control condition. Fear, anger, disgust, and happiness were either unrelated to preemptive strikes or showed inconsistent relationships with preemptive strikes across the 5 studies. These findings shed light on how emotions shape defensive aggression, advance knowledge on strategic choice under risk and uncertainty, and demonstrate hope's positive effects on social interactions and relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record
先发制人攻击代价高昂且有害。现有的防御性攻击模型狭隘地聚焦于恐惧在激发先发制人攻击中所起的作用。通过理论上整合冲突、决策和情感方面的文献，当前的研究调查了与确定性或不确定性相关的特定情绪，包括恐惧、愤怒、厌恶、希望和幸福，如何影响先发制人攻击。研究1表明，在选择困境中，希望对关系中的防御性退出具有负向预测作用。研究2和3在一个有激励的互动决策任务——先发制人攻击游戏中，对被攻击的风险进行了实验性操纵。被攻击的风险助长了先发制人攻击；在研究3中，希望感的降低部分介导了这种效应。研究4和5调查了不确定性（而非风险）下的先发制人攻击。在研究4中，思考使人信任他人的因素抑制了先发制人攻击；然而，思考离散情绪背后的因素并未影响防御性攻击。研究5表明，附带情绪的效价和不确定性评估在塑造先发制人攻击中相互作用。具体而言，回忆一段产生希望的自传式情绪经历，相对于恐惧、幸福和一个控制条件，显著降低了攻击率。在这5项研究中，恐惧、愤怒、厌恶和幸福要么与先发制人攻击无关，要么与先发制人攻击的关系不一致。这些发现揭示了情绪如何塑造防御性攻击，推进了关于风险和不确定性下战略选择的知识，并证明了希望对社会互动和关系的积极影响。（PsycINFO数据库记录）
