Araújo Duarte, Davids Keith
CIPER, Spertlab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal.
Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK.
Front Psychol. 2016 Sep 21;7:1449. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01449. eCollection 2016.
Individual players act as a coherent unit during team sports performance, forming a team synergy. A synergy is a collective property of a task-specific organization of individuals, such that the degrees of freedom of each individual in the system are coupled, enabling the degrees of freedom of different individuals to co-regulate each other. Here, we present an explanation for the emergence of such collective behaviors, indicating how these can be assessed and understood through the measurement of key system properties that exist, considering the contribution of each individual and beyond These include: to (i) dimensional compression, a process resulting in independent degree of freedom being coupled so that the synergy has fewer degrees of freedom than the set of components from which it arises; (ii) reciprocal compensation, if one element do not produce its function, other elements should display changes in their contributions so that task goals are still attained; (iii) interpersonal linkages, the specific contribution of each element to a group task; and (iv), degeneracy, structurally different components performing a similar, but not necessarily identical, function with respect to context. A primary goal of our analysis is to highlight the principles and tools required to understand coherent and dynamic team behaviors, as well as the performance conditions that make such team synergies possible, through perceptual attunement to shared affordances in individual performers. A key conclusion is that teams can be trained to perceive how to use and share specific affordances, explaining how individual's behaviors self-organize into a group synergy. Ecological dynamics explanations of team behaviors can transit beyond mere ratification of sport performance, providing a comprehensive conceptual framework to guide the implementation of diagnostic measures by sport scientists, sport psychologists and performance analysts. Complex adaptive systems, synergies, group behaviors, team sport performance, ecological dynamics, performance analysis.
在团队运动表现中，个体运动员作为一个连贯的整体发挥作用，形成团队协同效应。协同效应是个体特定任务组织的一种集体属性，使得系统中每个个体的自由度相互耦合，从而使不同个体的自由度能够相互共同调节。在此，我们对这种集体行为的出现给出一种解释，指出如何通过测量现存关键系统属性来评估和理解这些行为，同时考虑每个个体的贡献以及其他方面。这些方面包括：（i）维度压缩，这是一个导致独立自由度相互耦合的过程，使得协同效应的自由度比其产生所源自的组件集合更少；（ii）相互补偿，如果一个元素不发挥其功能，其他元素应在其贡献上表现出变化，以便仍能实现任务目标；（iii）人际联系，每个元素对团队任务的具体贡献；以及（iv）简并性，结构不同的组件在特定情境下执行相似但不一定相同的功能。我们分析的一个主要目标是强调理解连贯且动态的团队行为所需的原则和工具，以及通过个体运动员对共享可供性的感知协调使这种团队协同效应成为可能的绩效条件。一个关键结论是，可以训练团队感知如何使用和共享特定的可供性，这解释了个体行为如何自组织成团队协同效应。团队行为的生态动力学解释可以超越对运动表现的单纯认可，为运动科学家、运动心理学家和绩效分析师实施诊断措施提供一个全面的概念框架。复杂适应系统、协同效应、群体行为、团队运动表现、生态动力学、绩效分析。
