College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
Environ Res. 2017 Jan;152:88-95. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.003. Epub 2016 Oct 14.
The amount of greenness around mothers' residences has been associated with positive birth outcomes; however, findings are inconclusive. Here we examine residential greenness and birth outcomes in a population-based birth cohort in Texas, a state with large regional variation in greenness levels, several distinct cities, and a diverse population.
We used Vital Statistics data to create a birth cohort (n=3,026,603) in Texas from 2000 to 2009. Greenness exposure measures were estimated from full residential addresses across nine months of pregnancy, and each trimester specifically, using the mean of corresponding MODIS satellite 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) surfaces at a 250m resolution, which have not been previously used. Logistic and linear mixed models were used to determine associations with preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA) and term birth weight, controlling for individual and neighborhood factors.
Unadjusted results demonstrated consistent protective effects of residential greenness on adverse birth outcomes for all of Texas and the four largest cities (Houston, San Antonio, Dallas, and Austin). However, in fully adjusted models these effects almost completely disappeared. For example, mothers with the highest (>0.52) compared to the lowest (<0.37) NDVI quartiles had a 24.4g (95% CI: 22.7, 26.1) increase in term birth weight in unadjusted models, which was attenuated to 1.9g (95% CI: 0.1, 3.7) in fully adjusted models. Maternal and paternal race, ethnicity and education had the largest impact on reducing associations. Trimester-specific greenness exposures showed similar results to nine-month average exposures. Some evidence was seen for protective effects of greenness for Hispanics, mothers with low education and mothers living in low income neighborhoods.
In this large population-based study, across multiple urban areas in Texas and diverse populations, we did not observe consistent associations between residential greenness and birth outcomes.
母亲居住地周围的绿化程度与积极的生育结果有关；然而，结果并不明确。在这里，我们在德克萨斯州的一个基于人群的出生队列中检查了居住绿化程度和生育结果，该州的绿化水平存在很大的区域差异，有几个不同的城市和多样化的人口。
我们使用生命统计数据，从 2000 年至 2009 年在德克萨斯州创建了一个出生队列（n=3026603）。在妊娠九个月期间，并具体在每个三个月，使用相应的 MODIS 卫星 16 天归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）表面的平均值来估计绿化暴露测量值，这些表面的分辨率为 250m，以前未使用过。使用逻辑和线性混合模型来确定与早产、小于胎龄（SGA）和足月出生体重相关的关联，同时控制个体和邻里因素。
未经调整的结果表明，德克萨斯州和四个最大城市（休斯顿、圣安东尼奥、达拉斯和奥斯汀）的居住绿化程度对不良生育结果均具有一致的保护作用。然而，在完全调整后的模型中，这些影响几乎完全消失。例如，与最低 NDVI 四分位值（<0.37）相比，最高四分位值（>0.52）的母亲的足月出生体重增加了 24.4g（95%CI：22.7，26.1），在完全调整后的模型中，这种增加减少到 1.9g（95%CI：0.1，3.7）。母亲和父亲的种族、族裔和教育程度对减少关联的影响最大。特定于三个月的绿化程度暴露与九个月的平均暴露显示出相似的结果。有一些证据表明，绿化程度对西班牙裔、教育程度低的母亲和居住在低收入社区的母亲具有保护作用。
在这项大型基于人群的研究中，在德克萨斯州的多个城市和多样化的人群中，我们没有观察到居住绿化程度与生育结果之间的一致关联。
