Intratumoral accumulation of podoplanin-expressing lymph node stromal cells promote tumor growth through elimination of CD4 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

The beneficial effects of checkpoint blockade in tumor immunotherapy are limited to patients with increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Delineation of the regulatory networks that orchestrate the presence of TILs holds great promise for the design of effective immunotherapies. Podoplanin/gp38 (PDPN)-expressing lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) are present in tumor stroma; however, their effect in the regulation of TILs remains elusive. Herein we demonstrate that intratumor injection of ex-vivo-isolated PDPN LNSCs into melanoma-bearing mice induces elimination of TILs and promotes tumor growth. In support, PDPN LNSCs exert their function through direct inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation in a cell-to-cell contact independent fashion. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that PDPN LNSCs mediate T cell growth arrest and induction of apoptosis to activated CD69CD4 T cells. Importantly, LTbR-Ig-mediated blockade of PDPN LNSCs expansion and function significantly attenuates melanoma tumor growth and enhances the infiltration and proliferation of CD4 TILs. Overall, our findings decipher a novel role of PDPN-expressing LNSCs in the elimination of CD4 TILs and propose a new target for tumor immunotherapy.