Gaines Tommi L, Werb Daniel, Arredondo Jaime, Alaniz Victor M, Vilalta Carlos, Beletsky Leo
a Division of Global Public Health , University of California at San Diego , San Diego , California , USA.
b International Centre for Science in Drug Policy, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada.
Subst Use Misuse. 2017 Jan 28;52(2):214-222. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1223689. Epub 2016 Oct 21.
In 2009, Mexico enacted a drug policy reform (Narcomenudeo) designed to divert persons possessing small amounts of illicit drugs to treatment rather than incarceration. To assess reform impact, this study examines the spatial-temporal trends of drug-related policing in Tijuana, Mexico post-enactment.
Location of self-reported arrests (N = 1,160) among a prospective, community-recruited cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana (N = 552) was mapped across city neighborhoods. Official police reports detailing drug-related arrests was triangulated with PWID self-reported arrests. Exploratory spatial data analysis examined the distribution of arrests and spatial association between both datasets across three successive years, 2011-2013.
In 2011, over half of PWID reported being detained but not officially charged with a criminal offense; in 2013, 90% of arrests led to criminal charges. Official drug-related arrests increased by 67.8% (p <.01) from 2011 to 2013 despite overall arrest rates remaining stable throughout Tijuana. For each successive year, we identified a high degree of spatial association between the location of self-reported and official arrests (p <.05).
Two independent data sources suggest that intensity of drug law enforcement had risen in Tijuana despite the promulgation of a public health-oriented drug policy reform. The highest concentrations of arrests were in areas traditionally characterized by higher rates of drug crime. High correlation between self-reported and official arrest data underscores opportunities for future research on the role of policing as a structural determinant of public health.
2009年，墨西哥颁布了一项毒品政策改革（“毒品菜单”），旨在将持有少量非法毒品的人员转至接受治疗而非监禁。为评估改革的影响，本研究考察了墨西哥蒂华纳市在该政策颁布后与毒品相关的治安管控的时空趋势。
在蒂华纳市一个前瞻性的、通过社区招募的注射吸毒者队列（N = 552）中，对自我报告的逮捕地点（N = 1,160）在城市各街区进行了绘图。将详细记录与毒品相关逮捕情况的官方警方报告与注射吸毒者自我报告的逮捕情况进行了对比验证。探索性空间数据分析考察了2011 - 2013年连续三年间两个数据集的逮捕分布情况及空间关联。
2011年，超过一半的注射吸毒者报告称被拘留但未被正式指控犯罪；2013年，90%的逮捕导致刑事指控。尽管蒂华纳市的总体逮捕率保持稳定，但从2011年到2013年，官方与毒品相关的逮捕增加了67.8%（p <.01）。连续每年，我们都发现自我报告的逮捕地点与官方逮捕地点之间存在高度的空间关联（p <.05）。
两个独立的数据源表明，尽管颁布了以公共卫生为导向的毒品政策改革，但蒂华纳市的毒品执法力度仍有所上升。逮捕最集中的地区是传统上毒品犯罪率较高的地区。自我报告的逮捕数据与官方逮捕数据之间的高度相关性凸显了未来研究治安管控作为公共卫生结构决定因素作用的机会。
