Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017 Mar;220(2 Pt A):189-200. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.10.006. Epub 2016 Oct 17.
Human biomonitoring reference values are statistical estimates that indicate the upper margin of background exposure to a given chemical at a given time. Nationally representative human biomonitoring data on 176 chemicals, including several metals and trace elements, are available in Canada from 2007 to 2013 through the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). In this work, we used a systematic approach based on the reference interval concept proposed by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry to derive reference values (RVs) for metals and trace elements. These RVs were derived for blood and urine matrices in the general Canadian population based on the latest biomonitoring data from the CHMS. Biomarkers were chosen based on specific selection criteria, including widespread detection in Canadians (≥66% detection rate). Reference populations were created for each biomarker by applying appropriate exclusion criteria. Age and sex were evaluated as possible partitioning criteria and separate RVs were derived for the sub-populations in cases where partitioning was deemed necessary. The RVs for metals and trace elements in blood ranged from 0.18μg/L for cadmium in young children aged 3-5 years to 7900μg/L for zinc in males aged 20-79 years. In the case of urinary biomarkers, the RVs ranged from 0.17μg/L for antimony in the total population aged 3-79 years to 1400mg/L for fluoride in adults aged 20-79 years. These RVs represent the first set of reference values for metals and trace elements in the general Canadian population. We compare the RVs from other countries where available and discuss factors that could influence such comparisons.
人体生物监测参考值是统计学上的估计值，表明在特定时间内对特定化学物质的背景暴露上限。加拿大从 2007 年到 2013 年通过加拿大健康测量调查（CHMS）获得了 176 种化学物质（包括几种金属和微量元素）的全国代表性人体生物监测数据。在这项工作中，我们使用了一种基于国际临床化学和实验室医学联合会以及国际纯粹与应用化学联合会提出的参考区间概念的系统方法，为金属和微量元素推导参考值（RV）。这些 RV 是根据 CHMS 的最新生物监测数据，针对普通加拿大人群的血液和尿液基质推导得出的。生物标志物是根据特定的选择标准选择的，包括在加拿大人中广泛检测（≥66%的检测率）。为每个生物标志物创建了参考人群，并应用适当的排除标准。年龄和性别被评估为可能的分区标准，如果认为分区是必要的，则为子群体推导单独的 RV。血液中金属和微量元素的 RV 范围从 3-5 岁儿童血液中镉的 0.18μg/L 到 20-79 岁男性血液中锌的 7900μg/L。对于尿液生物标志物，RV 范围从 3-79 岁总人口中锑的 0.17μg/L 到 20-79 岁成年人中氟化物的 1400mg/L。这些 RV 代表了普通加拿大人群中金属和微量元素的第一组参考值。我们比较了其他国家的 RV，并讨论了可能影响这些比较的因素。
