Hrastelj Laura, Knight Rachael-Anne
City University London, London, UK.
Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2017 Jul;52(4):479-488. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12287. Epub 2016 Nov 27.
A pattern of ingressive substitutions for word-final sibilants can be identified in a small number of cases in child speech disorder, with growing evidence suggesting it is a phonological difficulty, despite the unusual surface form. Phonological difficulty implies a problem with the cognitive process of organizing speech into sound contrasts.
To evaluate phonological therapy approaches in the remediation of non-pulmonic speech errors. Thus, adding to evidence concerning the nature of ingressive substitutions and their remediation whilst highlighting their occurrence within child speech disorder population for practising and training speech and language therapists.
METHODS & PROCEDURES: Child KO, a boy aged 4;6, was identified through a screening of speech, language and communication needs at his school. Word-final, non-pulmonic-egressive substitutes for fricatives and plosives were identified using the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP). Treatment took place in five, weekly school-based sessions with a care-giver present, and targeted two phonemes /f/ and /ʃ/ in word-final position. Word-final /s/ was monitored throughout to capture any change in other word-final fricatives. Phonemes /ɡ/ and /p/ were used as controls, as no change was expected in word-final plosives as a result of therapy targeting fricatives. Production of single words in the DEAP, pre- and post-therapy were transcribed by two independent therapists, (transcription agreement was 86.6% (pre) and 83.7% (post), with all 140 consonants within the DEAP transcribed), and change in consonants correct was analysed using a Wilcoxon test. Picture description tasks and telling of familiar stories were videoed post-therapy to analyse use of word-final fricative egression in connected speech.
OUTCOME & RESULTS: Percentage consonants correct in single-words post-treatment was significantly higher than pre-treatment at single-word level. Generalization of target fricatives into connected speech and modest generalization of non-target phonemes occurred.
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Although ingressive speech sounds are largely absent in the sound system of English, they do occur as speech-sound errors in child speech disorder and respond to phonological therapy within the context of home and school environment. Therefore, training in the phonetic identification of speech sounds outside the system of English is essential. Additionally, non-lexical factors associated with ingression also influence the child's intelligibility and should be explored further in future research.
在儿童言语障碍的少数案例中，可以识别出词尾擦音的内爆音替代模式，越来越多的证据表明这是一种语音困难，尽管其表面形式不寻常。语音困难意味着在将语音组织成音位对比的认知过程中存在问题。
评估语音治疗方法对非肺性言语错误的矫治效果。从而补充有关内爆音替代的性质及其矫治的证据，同时突出其在儿童言语障碍人群中的出现情况，以供言语和语言治疗师实践和培训使用。
通过在学校对一名4岁6个月大的男孩KO进行言语、语言和沟通需求筛查来确定其情况。使用发音和音系诊断评估（DEAP）来识别词尾非肺性呼气音对擦音和塞音的替代。治疗在学校每周进行5次，每次治疗有一名照顾者在场，目标是词尾位置的两个音素/f/和/ʃ/。在整个治疗过程中监测词尾/s/，以捕捉其他词尾擦音的任何变化。音素/ɡ/和/p/用作对照，因为针对擦音的治疗预计不会导致词尾塞音发生变化。两名独立的治疗师对治疗前和治疗后DEAP中单个单词的发音进行转录（转录一致性在治疗前为86.6%，治疗后为83.7%，DEAP中的所有140个辅音均被转录），并使用威尔科克森检验分析辅音正确数的变化。治疗后对图片描述任务和讲述熟悉故事进行录像，以分析词尾擦音呼气音在连贯言语中的使用情况。
治疗后单个单词中辅音正确的百分比在单词层面上显著高于治疗前。目标擦音在连贯言语中得到泛化，非目标音素也有适度泛化。
尽管英语语音系统中基本不存在内爆音，但它们确实作为儿童言语障碍中的语音错误出现，并在家庭和学校环境的背景下对语音治疗有反应。因此，对英语语音系统之外的语音进行语音识别训练至关重要。此外，与内爆音相关的非词汇因素也会影响儿童的可懂度，未来的研究应进一步探讨。
