Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Adv Mater. 2017 Feb;29(6). doi: 10.1002/adma.201603610. Epub 2016 Nov 29.
Recent research trends now offer new opportunities for developing the next generations of label-free biochemical sensors using graphene and other two-dimensional materials. While the physics of graphene transistors operated in electrolyte is well grounded, important chemical challenges still remain to be addressed, namely the impact of the chemical functionalizations of graphene on the key electrical parameters and the sensing performances. In fact, graphene - at least ideal graphene - is highly chemically inert. The functionalizations and chemical alterations of the graphene surface - both covalently and non-covalently - are crucial steps that define the sensitivity of graphene. The presence, reactivity, adsorption of gas and ions, proteins, DNA, cells and tissues on graphene have been successfully monitored with graphene. This review aims to unify most of the work done so far on biochemical sensing at the surface of a (chemically functionalized) graphene field-effect transistor and the challenges that lie ahead. The authors are convinced that graphene biochemical sensors hold great promise to meet the ever-increasing demand for sensitivity, especially looking at the recent progresses suggesting that the obstacle of Debye screening can be overcome.
最近的研究趋势为使用石墨烯和其他二维材料开发下一代无标记生化传感器提供了新的机会。虽然基于物理的石墨烯晶体管在电解质中的工作原理已经得到很好的理解，但仍存在重要的化学挑战需要解决，即石墨烯的化学功能化对关键电参数和传感性能的影响。事实上，石墨烯——至少是理想的石墨烯——具有很高的化学惰性。石墨烯表面的功能化和化学修饰——无论是共价的还是非共价的——都是定义石墨烯灵敏度的关键步骤。已经成功地利用石墨烯监测到气体和离子、蛋白质、DNA、细胞和组织在石墨烯上的存在、反应性、吸附。本篇综述旨在统一迄今为止在（化学功能化的）石墨烯场效应晶体管表面进行的大部分生化传感工作，以及未来面临的挑战。作者相信，石墨烯生化传感器具有很大的潜力来满足对灵敏度不断增长的需求，尤其是考虑到最近的进展表明，可以克服德拜屏蔽的障碍。
