Acevedo Bianca P, Pospos Sarah, Lavretsky Helen
Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA ; Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA.
Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2016;3(4):328-339. doi: 10.1007/s40473-016-0098-x. Epub 2016 Oct 18.
Meditation has been shown to have physical, cognitive, and psychological health benefits that can be used to promote healthy aging. However, the common and specific mechanisms of response remain elusive due to the diverse nature of mind-body practices.
In this review, we aim to compare the neural circuits implicated in focused-attention meditative practices that focus on present-moment awareness to those involved in active-type meditative practices (e.g., yoga) that combine movement, including chanting, with breath practices and meditation.
Recent meta-analyses and individual studies demonstrated common brain effects for attention-based meditative practices and active-based meditations in areas involved in reward processing and learning, attention and memory, awareness and sensory integration, and self-referential processing and emotional control, while deactivation was seen in the amygdala, an area implicated in emotion processing. Unique effects for were found in brain regions involved in body awareness, attention, and the integration of emotion and sensory processing. Effects specific to appeared in brain areas involved in self-control, social cognition, language, speech, tactile stimulation, sensorimotor integration, and motor function.
This review suggests that mind-body practices can target different brain systems that are involved in the regulation of attention, emotional control, mood, and executive cognition that can be used to treat or prevent mood and cognitive disorders of aging, such as depression and caregiver stress, or serve as "brain fitness" exercise. Benefits may include improving brain functional connectivity in brain systems that generally degenerate with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other aging-related diseases.
冥想已被证明对身体、认知和心理健康有益，可用于促进健康老龄化。然而，由于身心练习的多样性，其常见和特定的反应机制仍不明确。
在本综述中，我们旨在比较专注于当下意识的专注注意力冥想练习所涉及的神经回路与结合了运动（包括诵经）、呼吸练习和冥想的主动型冥想练习（如瑜伽）所涉及的神经回路。
最近的荟萃分析和个体研究表明，基于注意力的冥想练习和基于主动的冥想在涉及奖励处理与学习、注意力与记忆、意识与感觉整合以及自我参照处理与情绪控制的区域具有共同的大脑效应，而杏仁核（一个与情绪处理有关的区域）则出现了失活。在涉及身体意识、注意力以及情绪与感觉处理整合的脑区发现了独特的效应。特定于主动型冥想的效应出现在涉及自我控制、社会认知、语言、言语、触觉刺激、感觉运动整合和运动功能的脑区。
本综述表明，身心练习可以针对参与注意力调节、情绪控制、情绪和执行认知调节的不同脑系统，这些系统可用于治疗或预防衰老相关的情绪和认知障碍，如抑郁症和照顾者压力，或作为“大脑健身”运动。益处可能包括改善在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和其他与衰老相关疾病中通常会退化的脑系统中的大脑功能连接性。
