Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, USA.
Dev Sci. 2017 Nov;20(6). doi: 10.1111/desc.12466. Epub 2016 Dec 13.
Contingent reciprocity is an important foundation of human cooperation, but we know little about how reciprocal behavior develops across diverse societies, nor about how the development of reciprocal behavior is related to the development of prosocial behavior more broadly. Three- to 16-year-old children were presented with the opportunity to control the allocation of real food rewards in a binary-choice cooperative dilemma. Within dyads children alternated making choices across multiple trials, and reciprocal behavior emerged in three diverse populations (rural Fijian villages, and urban communities in both Fiji and the United States) by age 7-8. There was more societal variation in prosocial behavior than in reciprocal behavior, and there were more substantial differences between Fijians and Americans than between rural and urban populations. This suggests that the development of prosocial behavior is not driven entirely by the development of reciprocity, and differences in prosocial behavior across rural Fijians and urban Americans may not be due only to differences across rural and urban populations.
条件互惠是人类合作的重要基础，但我们对互惠行为如何在不同社会中发展知之甚少，也不知道互惠行为的发展与更广泛的亲社会行为的发展有何关系。3 至 16 岁的儿童有机会在二元合作困境中控制真实食物奖励的分配。在对子中，孩子们在多次试验中交替做出选择，互惠行为在三个不同的群体（斐济农村村庄、斐济和美国的城市社区）中于 7-8 岁时出现。亲社会行为的社会差异比互惠行为的社会差异更大，斐济人和美国人之间的差异比农村人和城市人之间的差异更大。这表明亲社会行为的发展并非完全由互惠行为的发展驱动，而斐济农村人和美国城市人之间的亲社会行为差异可能不仅仅是由于农村和城市人口之间的差异。
