Harvard University, Department of Psychology, USA.
Curr Opin Psychol. 2018 Apr;20:122-126. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.01.006. Epub 2018 Feb 14.
Humans are a remarkably cooperative species, and one behavior thought to play an important role is that of reciprocal altruism. By ensuring that the immediate costs associated with performing a prosocial action will be recouped in the long-run, reciprocal interactions support the emergence and maintenance of group-level cooperation. Existing developmental research suggests that a tendency toward selective prosocial behavior and an understanding of direct reciprocal interactions emerge in early childhood, but much less is known about the interplay between these two behaviors. In this paper, I review the existing literature supporting the notion that reciprocity mediates early prosocial tendencies and suggest that a greater understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying reciprocity is needed. Finally, I propose two social cognitive capacities related to prospection that I believe may help to shed light on the psychology of strategic reciprocal interactions and their role in prosocial behavior more broadly.
人类是一种非常善于合作的物种，有一种被认为在其中起着重要作用的行为是互惠利他主义。通过确保与执行亲社会行为相关的即时成本在长期内得到回报，互惠互动支持了群体层面合作的出现和维持。现有的发展研究表明，选择性亲社会行为的倾向和对直接互惠互动的理解在幼儿期就出现了，但关于这两种行为之间的相互作用知之甚少。在本文中，我回顾了现有文献，这些文献支持互惠关系调节早期亲社会倾向的观点，并认为需要更深入地了解互惠关系背后的心理机制。最后，我提出了与展望相关的两个社会认知能力，我相信这可能有助于阐明战略互惠互动的心理学及其在更广泛的亲社会行为中的作用。
