Maas Sybren L N, Breakefield Xandra O, Weaver Alissa M
Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Trends Cell Biol. 2017 Mar;27(3):172-188. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.003. Epub 2016 Dec 13.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous collection of membrane-bound carriers with complex cargoes including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. While the release of EVs was previously thought to be only a mechanism to discard nonfunctional cellular components, increasing evidence implicates EVs as key players in intercellular and even interorganismal communication. EVs confer stability and can direct their cargoes to specific cell types. EV cargoes also appear to act in a combinatorial manner to communicate directives to other cells. This review focuses on recent findings and knowledge gaps in the area of EV biogenesis, release, and uptake. In addition, we highlight examples whereby EV cargoes control basic cellular functions, including motility and polarization, immune responses, and development, and contribute to diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是一类异质性的膜结合载体集合体，其携带包括蛋白质、脂质和核酸在内的复杂货物。虽然EVs的释放以前被认为只是一种丢弃无功能细胞成分的机制，但越来越多的证据表明，EVs是细胞间甚至生物体间通讯的关键参与者。EVs具有稳定性，并能将其携带的货物导向特定的细胞类型。EVs携带的货物似乎也以组合方式发挥作用，向其他细胞传达指令。本综述重点关注EVs生物发生、释放和摄取领域的最新发现和知识空白。此外，我们还强调了一些例子，其中EVs携带的货物控制基本细胞功能，包括运动性和极化、免疫反应和发育，并导致癌症和神经退行性疾病等疾病。
