Strandmark Julia, Rausch Sebastian, Hartmann Susanne
Institute of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertagstr. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Crit Rev Immunol. 2016;36(3):193-238. doi: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2016018726.
Eosinophil numbers are highly elevated during helminth infections and a range of allergic and inflammatory disorders, but eosinophils are also present in several tissues in the absence of infection. Indeed, new findings demonstrate that eosinophils may be involved in events as diverse as glucose metabolism, mammary gland development, intestinal health, tissue remodeling, thymic selection, and B-cell survival. Although eosinophils often correlate with pathological parameters during conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and asthma, the evidence for their contribution to tissue pathology remains controversial. Recent research suggests that eosinophils may have additional roles in these settings that are related to control and resolution of inflammation. Controversy also surrounds the involvement of eosinophils in anti-helminth immunity. Their assumed role in fighting parasites has increasingly been questioned, particularly as a result of data from studies of eosinophil-ablated mouse strains in which either no or only very moderate effects on helminth survival has been reported. Helminths are masters of immune regulation, but whether they actively suppress eosinophil function has rarely been considered. Thus, the purpose of this review is threefold: (1) to summarize our knowledge of the wide range of functions of eosinophils during homeostasis, (2) to discuss the role of eosinophil during inflammation and the recent discovery of eosinophils as mediators of inflammatory resolution, and (3) to summarize data on the effect of eosinophils on helminth infections and discuss the possibility of helminth-mediated modulation of eosinophils.
在蠕虫感染以及一系列过敏和炎症性疾病期间，嗜酸性粒细胞数量会大幅升高，但在没有感染的情况下，嗜酸性粒细胞也存在于多种组织中。事实上，新的研究结果表明，嗜酸性粒细胞可能参与多种活动，如葡萄糖代谢、乳腺发育、肠道健康、组织重塑、胸腺选择和B细胞存活。尽管在炎症性肠病和哮喘等疾病中，嗜酸性粒细胞常与病理参数相关，但它们对组织病理学的作用证据仍存在争议。最近的研究表明，嗜酸性粒细胞在这些情况下可能还有与炎症控制和消退相关的其他作用。嗜酸性粒细胞在抗蠕虫免疫中的作用也存在争议。它们在对抗寄生虫中所假定的作用越来越受到质疑，特别是由于对嗜酸性粒细胞缺失小鼠品系的研究数据，在这些研究中，要么没有报告对蠕虫存活有影响，要么只报告了非常适度的影响。蠕虫是免疫调节的高手，但它们是否积极抑制嗜酸性粒细胞功能却很少被考虑。因此，本综述的目的有三个：（1）总结我们对嗜酸性粒细胞在稳态期间广泛功能的认识；（2）讨论嗜酸性粒细胞在炎症中的作用以及最近发现嗜酸性粒细胞作为炎症消退的介质；（3）总结关于嗜酸性粒细胞对蠕虫感染影响的数据，并讨论蠕虫介导的嗜酸性粒细胞调节的可能性。
