Ahmed Shakeel, Chaudhry Saif Ali, Ikram Saiqa
Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Jan;166:272-284. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.011. Epub 2016 Dec 18.
Nanotechnology is emerging as an important area of research with its tremendous applications in all fields of science, engineering, medicine, pharmacy, etc. It involves the materials and their applications having one dimension in the range of 1-100nm. Generally, various techniques are used for syntheses of nanoparticles (NPs) viz. laser ablation, chemical reduction, milling, sputtering, etc. These conventional techniques e.g. chemical reduction method, in which various hazardous chemicals are used for the synthesis of NPs later become liable for innumerable health risks due to their toxicity and endangering serious concerns for environment, while other approaches are expensive, need high energy for the synthesis of NPs. However, biogenic synthesis method to produce NPs is eco-friendly and free of chemical contaminants for biological applications where purity is of concerns. In biological method, different biological entities such as extract, enzymes or proteins of a natural product are used to reduce and stabilised formation of NPs. The nature of these biological entities also influence the structure, shape, size and morphology of synthesized NPs. In this review, biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, procedures of syntheses, mechanism of formation and their various applications have been discussed. Various entities such as proteins, enzymes, phytochemicals, etc. available in the natural reductants are responsible for synthesis of ZnO NPs.
纳米技术正成为一个重要的研究领域，在科学、工程、医学、药学等所有领域都有巨大的应用。它涉及一维尺寸在1-100纳米范围内的材料及其应用。一般来说，有多种技术用于合成纳米颗粒（NPs），即激光烧蚀、化学还原、研磨、溅射等。这些传统技术，例如化学还原法，其中使用各种危险化学品来合成纳米颗粒，由于其毒性，随后会带来无数健康风险，并对环境造成严重危害，而其他方法则成本高昂，合成纳米颗粒需要高能量。然而，用于生产纳米颗粒的生物合成方法对生物应用来说是环保且无化学污染物的，在这些应用中纯度是需要关注的问题。在生物方法中，不同的生物实体，如天然产物的提取物、酶或蛋白质，被用于还原和稳定纳米颗粒的形成。这些生物实体的性质也会影响合成纳米颗粒的结构、形状、大小和形态。在这篇综述中，讨论了氧化锌（ZnO）纳米颗粒的生物合成、合成过程、形成机制及其各种应用。天然还原剂中存在的各种实体，如蛋白质、酶、植物化学物质等，负责氧化锌纳米颗粒的合成。
