Preller Katrin H, Vollenweider Franz X
Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging Unit, Heffter Research Center Zurich Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2018;36:221-256. doi: 10.1007/7854_2016_459.
Classic serotonergic hallucinogens or psychedelics produce an altered states of consciousness (ASC) that is characterized by profound alterations in sensory perception, mood, thought including the perception of reality, and the sense of self. Over the past years, there has been considerable progress in the search for invariant and common features of psychedelic states. In the first part of this review, we outline contemporary approaches to characterize the structure of ASCs by means of three primary etiology-independent dimensions including oceanic boundlessness, anxious ego-dissolution, and visionary restructuralization as well as by 11 lower-order factors, all of which can be reliably measured by the altered state of consciousness questionnaire (APZ-OAV). The second part sheds light on the dynamic nature of psychedelic experiences. Frequently, psychedelic subjects progress through different stages over time and levels of changes along a perception-hallucination continuum of increasing arousal and ego-dissolution. We then review in detail the acute effects of psychedelics on sensory perception, emotion, cognition, creativity, and time perception along with possible neural mechanisms underlying them. The next part of this review outlines the influence of non-pharmacological factors (predictors) on the acute psychedelic experience, such as demographics, genetics, personality, mood, and setting, and also discusses some long-term effects succeeding the acute experience. The last part presents some recent concepts and models attempting to understand different facets of psychedelic states of consciousness from a neuroscientific perspective.
经典的血清素能致幻剂或迷幻剂会产生意识改变状态（ASC），其特征是在感官知觉、情绪、思维（包括对现实的感知）和自我意识方面发生深刻变化。在过去几年中，在寻找迷幻状态的不变和共同特征方面取得了相当大的进展。在本综述的第一部分，我们概述了当代通过三个主要的与病因无关的维度来表征意识改变状态结构的方法，这三个维度包括海洋般的无限感、焦虑的自我消解和幻想性重组，以及11个低阶因素，所有这些都可以通过意识改变状态问卷（APZ - OAV）进行可靠测量。第二部分揭示了迷幻体验的动态本质。通常，迷幻体验者会随着时间推移在不同阶段以及沿着感知 - 幻觉连续体在觉醒和自我消解程度不断增加的层面上发生变化。然后，我们详细回顾了迷幻剂对感官知觉、情绪、认知、创造力和时间感知的急性影响以及其潜在的神经机制。本综述的下一部分概述了非药理学因素（预测因素）对急性迷幻体验的影响，如人口统计学、遗传学、个性、情绪和环境，还讨论了急性体验后的一些长期影响。最后一部分介绍了一些最近试图从神经科学角度理解迷幻意识状态不同方面的概念和模型。
