School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
J Environ Manage. 2017 Jan 1;185:70-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.023. Epub 2016 Oct 28.
Concentration of eight heavy metals in surface and groundwater around Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) industrial area were investigated, and the health risk posed to local children and adult residents via ingestion and dermal contact was evaluated using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Metal concentrations (except Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn) in Bangshi River water were above the drinking water quality guidelines, while in groundwater were less than the recommended limits. Concentration of metals in surface water decreased as a function of distance. Estimations of non-carcinogenic health risk for surface water revealed that mean hazard index (HI) values of As, Cr, Cu, and Pb for combined pathways (i.e., ingestion and dermal contact) were >1.0 for both age groups. The estimated risk mainly came from the ingestion pathway. However, the HI values for all the examined metals in groundwater were <1.0, indicating no possible human health hazard. Deterministically estimated total cancer risk (TCR) via Bangshi River water exceeded the acceptable limit of 1 × 10 for adult and children. Although, probabilistically estimated 95th percentile values of TCR exceeded the benchmark, mean TCR values were less than 1 × 10. Simulated results showed that 20.13% and 5.43% values of TCR for surface water were >1 × 10 for adult and children, respectively. Deterministic and probabilistic estimations of cancer risk through exposure to groundwater were well below the safety limit. Overall, the population exposed to Bangshi River water remained at carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health threat and the risk was higher for adults. Sensitivity analysis identified exposure duration (ED) and ingestion rate (IR) of water as the most relevant variables affecting the probabilistic risk estimation model outcome.
对达卡出口加工区（DEPZ）工业区周围的地表水和地下水进行了八种重金属浓度调查，并采用确定性和概率性方法评估了当地儿童和成年居民通过摄入和皮肤接触所面临的健康风险。班希河水中的金属浓度（除 Cu、Mn、Ni 和 Zn 外）超过了饮用水质量标准，而地下水中的金属浓度低于推荐限值。地表水金属浓度随距离的增加而降低。对地表水非致癌健康风险的估计表明，对于两个年龄组，砷、铬、铜和铅的综合暴露途径（即摄入和皮肤接触）的平均危害指数（HI）值均>1.0。估计的风险主要来自摄入途径。然而，地下水中所有检查金属的 HI 值均<1.0，表明没有可能对人体健康造成危害。通过班希河进行的确定性总癌症风险（TCR）估计值超过了成人和儿童可接受的 1×10 的限值。虽然，通过班希河进行的概率性估计 95%百分位值的 TCR 超过了基准值，但平均 TCR 值小于 1×10。模拟结果表明，地表水的 20.13%和 5.43%的 TCR 值分别大于成人和儿童的 1×10。通过接触地下水进行的癌症风险的确定性和概率性估计均远低于安全限值。总体而言，暴露于班希河的人群仍然面临致癌和非致癌健康威胁，且成年人的风险更高。敏感性分析确定暴露持续时间（ED）和水的摄入率（IR）是影响概率风险估计模型结果的最相关变量。
