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布列塔尼现代时期的尸体防腐处理与心脏摘除程序及频率。对欧洲丧葬仪式演变的贡献。

Procedures and Frequencies of Embalming and Heart Extractions in Modern Period in Brittany. Contribution to the Evolution of Ritual Funerary in Europe.

作者信息

Colleter Rozenn, Dedouit Fabrice, Duchesne Sylvie, Mokrane Fatima-Zohra, Gendrot Véronique, Gérard Patrice, Dabernat Henri, Crubézy Éric, Telmon Norbert

机构信息

National Institute of Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP), Cesson-Sévigné, France.

University of Toulouse, French National Center for Scientific Research, UMR 5288, Toulouse, France.

出版信息

PLoS One. 2016 Dec 28;11(12):e0167988. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167988. eCollection 2016.

DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0167988
PMID:28030554
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5193353/
Abstract

The evolution of funeral practices from the Middle Ages through the Modern era in Europe is generally seen as a process of secularization. The study, through imaging and autopsy, of two mummies, five lead urns containing hearts, and more than six hundred skeletons of nobles and clergymen from a Renaissance convent in Brittany has led us to reject this view. In addition to exceptional embalming, we observed instances in which hearts alone had been extracted, a phenomenon that had never before been described, and brains alone as well, and instances in which each spouse's heart had been placed on the other's coffin. In some identified cases we were able to establish links between the religious attitudes of given individuals and either ancient Medieval practices or more modern ones generated by the Council of Trent. All of these practices, which were a function of social status, were rooted in religion. They offer no evidence of secularization whatsoever.

摘要

从中世纪到现代欧洲丧葬习俗的演变通常被视为一个世俗化的过程。通过对来自布列塔尼一座文艺复兴时期女修道院的两具木乃伊、五个装有心脏的铅瓮以及六百多具贵族和神职人员的骨骼进行成像和解剖研究，我们摒弃了这种观点。除了特殊的防腐处理外，我们还观察到仅取出心脏的情况（这一现象此前从未被描述过）、仅取出大脑的情况，以及将夫妻双方的心脏分别放置在对方棺材上的情况。在一些已确定的案例中，我们能够将特定个体的宗教态度与古代中世纪的习俗或特伦特会议产生的更现代的习俗联系起来。所有这些因社会地位而异的习俗都植根于宗教。它们丝毫没有提供世俗化的证据。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/66e9/5193353/65dd56177167/pone.0167988.g011.jpg
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