Karimian Najmeh, Moretto Ligia M, Ugo Paolo
Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155-Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy.
Sensors (Basel). 2016 Dec 30;17(1):65. doi: 10.3390/s17010065.
Since the first reports dating back to the mid-1990s, ensembles and arrays of nanoelectrodes (NEEs and NEAs, respectively) have gained an important role as advanced electroanalytical tools thank to their unique characteristics which include, among others, dramatically improved signal/noise ratios, enhanced mass transport and suitability for extreme miniaturization. From the year 2000 onward, these properties have been exploited to develop electrochemical biosensors in which the surfaces of NEEs/NEAs have been functionalized with biorecognition layers using immobilization modes able to take the maximum advantage from the special morphology and composite nature of their surface. This paper presents an updated overview of this field. It consists of two parts. In the first, we discuss nanofabrication methods and the principles of functioning of NEEs/NEAs, focusing, in particular, on those features which are important for the development of highly sensitive and miniaturized biosensors. In the second part, we review literature references dealing the bioanalytical and biosensing applications of sensors based on biofunctionalized arrays/ensembles of nanoelectrodes, focusing our attention on the most recent advances, published in the last five years. The goal of this review is both to furnish fundamental knowledge to researchers starting their activity in this field and provide critical information on recent achievements which can stimulate new ideas for future developments to experienced scientists.
自20世纪90年代中期首次报道以来，纳米电极阵列（分别为NEEs和NEAs）凭借其独特的特性，如显著提高的信噪比、增强的传质以及适用于极端小型化等，作为先进的电分析工具发挥了重要作用。从2000年起，这些特性被用于开发电化学生物传感器，其中NEEs/NEAs的表面通过固定模式用生物识别层进行功能化，从而能够充分利用其表面的特殊形态和复合性质。本文对该领域进行了最新综述。它由两部分组成。第一部分，我们讨论纳米制造方法以及NEEs/NEAs的功能原理，特别关注那些对开发高灵敏度和小型化生物传感器至关重要的特征。在第二部分，我们回顾了有关基于生物功能化纳米电极阵列/集合体的传感器的生物分析和生物传感应用的文献参考，重点关注过去五年发表的最新进展。这篇综述的目的既是为刚开始涉足该领域的研究人员提供基础知识，也是为经验丰富的科学家提供有关近期成果的关键信息，从而激发他们对未来发展的新想法。
